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. 2022 Oct 6;12:16696. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-21057-y

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Electrically evoked sensation characterization. (A) Sensory feedback is mapped to the thigh with (NI1) and the foot sole + gastrocnemius muscle (I1) perceived magnitude. (B) The sensitivity of both NI1 and I1 is shown through their just noticeable difference (JND). (C) In both NI1 and I1, the perceived intensity increases with charge injected. The charge range is on the order of µC and nC for NI and I respectively. (D) Type of sensation and proportion of natural sensations for NI1 and I1 are presented in pie charts. All error bars indicate standard error. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. Further results for NI2 and I2 are presented in Supplementary Figure S2A. The right column in panels A, B, C, and D are taken with permission from Preatoni et al.⁵.