Table 1.
Demographic features and acoustic parameters between mild versus severe dysphagia.
| Mild dysphagia (Oral feeding) (N = 215) | Tube feeding (Tube feeding) (N = 234) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 65.7 ± 13.2 | 72.2 ± 11.2 | < 0.001* |
| Male | 63.5 ± 13.9 | 71.4 ± 11.4 | < 0.001* |
| Female | 69.5 ± 11.1 | 73.4 ± 10.9 | 0.020* |
| Gender (Male) | 135 (62.8%) | 137 (58.5%) | 0.411 |
| Weight (kg) | 61.3 ± 11.6 | 57.2 ± 10.8 | < 0.001* |
| PAS | 3.7 ± 1.9 | 7.2 ± 1.2 | < 0.001* |
| Aspiration (Yes) | 37 (17.2%) | 222 (94.9%) | < 0.001* |
| FOIS | 5.0 ± 1.0 | 1.7 ± 1.0 | < 0.001* |
| MASA | 182.6 ± 13.3 | 157.2 ± 17.3 | < 0.001* |
| PCF (L/min) | 231.7 ± 130.0 | 115.8 ± 87.8 | < 0.001* |
| MMSE | 22.9 ± 6.2 | 16.5 ± 8.7 | < 0.001* |
| MBI | 65.9 ± 29.4 | 29.8 ± 29.3 | < 0.001* |
| NIHSS | 5.3 ± 4.4 | 10.3 ± 5.1 | < 0.001* |
| BBS | 35.4 ± 20.1 | 15.2 ± 18.8 | < 0.001* |
| F0 (Hz) | 199.9 ± 58.8 | 206.0 ± 73.4 | 0.324 |
| Male | 183.7 ± 57.2 | 185.9 ± 67.7 | |
| Female | 227.1 ± 51.2 | 234.6 ± 71.9 | |
| F0_SD (Hz) | 5.0 ± 11.1 | 7.2 ± 12.5 | 0.051 |
| HNR (dB) | 16.45 ± 4.91 | 13.46 ± 5.36 | < 0.001* |
| LocalJitter (%) | 1.21 ± 0.98 | 2.03 ± 1.49 | < 0.001* |
| LocalAbsoluteJitter (μs) | 64.42 ± 55.12 | 112.64 ± 96.42 | < 0.001* |
| RAP (%) | 0.60 ± 0.52 | 1.05 ± 0.86 | < 0.001* |
| PPQ5Jitter (%) | 0.68 ± 0.60 | 1.18 ± 0.99 | < 0.001* |
| DdpJitter (%) | 1.80 ± 1.56 | 3.16 ± 2.59 | < 0.001* |
| LocalShimmer (%) | 6.71 ± 4.08 | 9.74 ± 5.47 | < 0.001* |
| LocaldbShimmer | 0.65 ± 0.34 | 0.91 ± 0.44 | < 0.001* |
| APQ3Shimmer (%) | 3.30 ± 2.02 | 5.04 ± 3.21 | < 0.001* |
| APQ5Shimmer (%) | 4.12 ± 3.05 | 6.12 ± 3.81 | < 0.001* |
| APQ11Shimmer (%) | 5.63 ± 4.83 | 8.05 ± 5.50 | < 0.001* |
| DdaShimmer (%) | 9.91 ± 6.07 | 15.14 ± 9.62 | < 0.001* |
| CPP | 23.36 ± 0.18 | 24.09 ± 0.15 | < 0.001* |
Values are presented in mean ± standard deviation (SD) or number (%).
*p < 0.05 is used for statistical significance.
PAS penetration-aspiration scale, FOIS functional oral intake scale, MASA mann assessment of swallowing ability, PCF peak cough flow, MMSE mini-mental state examination, MBI modified barthel index, NIHSS national institutes of health stroke scale, BBS berg balance scale, F0 fundamental frequency, HNR harmonic to noise ratio, RAP relative average perturbation, PPQ period perturbation quotient, APQ amplitude perturbation quotient, CPP cepstral peak prominence.