Table 5.
Comparison of the Three Symptom Class Profiles on Demographic and Clinical Characteristics, Adjusting for Age, Gender, Body Mass Index, Ejection Fraction, and Charlson Comorbidity Index. (N=195)
| Variables | Class I: Severe in physical symptoms only N=73 |
Class II: Severe in emotional symptoms only N=12 |
Class III: All-high symptoms N=110 |
Difference P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 64.1 (12.4) | 67.3 (19.1) | 61.8 (12.1) | .2407 |
| Gender: Male | ||||
| Male | 45 (61.6%) | 8 (66.7%) | 58 (52.7%) | .4009 |
| Female | 28 (38.4%) | 4 (33.3%) | 52 (47.3%) | |
| Race | ||||
| White | 50 (68.5%) | 8 (66.7%) | 88 (80.0%) | .1539 |
| Others | 23 (31.5%) | 4 (33.3%) | 22 (20.0%) | |
| Ethnicity | ||||
| Hispanic | 4 (5.5%) | 1 (8.3%) | 4 (3.7%) | .6983 |
| Non-Hispanic | 69 (94.5%) | 11 (91.7%) | 105 (96.3%) | |
| Body Mass Index (BMI) | 29.5 (6.5) | 29.9 (6.8) | 33.7 (9.2) | .0028 |
| New York Heart Association (NYHA) Classification | ||||
| I & II | 59 (81.9%) | 11 (91.7%) | 78 (71.6%) | .1490 |
| III & IV | 13 (18.1%) | 1 (8.3%) | 31 (24.4%) | |
| Ejection Fraction (EF) % | 50.6 (14.9) | 42.6 (14.7) | 48.0 (15.8) | .2417 |
| HFpEF (LVEF≥ 50%) | 39 (54.9%) | 4 (33.3%) | 61 (56.5%) | .6462 |
| HFmEF (LVEF 41–49%) | 11 (15.5%) | 3 (25.0%) | 15 (13.9%) | |
| HFrEF (LVEF ≤ 40%) | 21 (29.6%) | 5 (41.7%) | 32 (29.6%) | |
| Seattle Heart Failure Model | 11.7 (5.5) | 11.0 (3.9) | 11.7 (5.0) | .9052 |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) | 2.6 (1.9) | 1.5 (1.0) | 3.0 (1.9) | .0163 |
| Sleep Apnea / CPAP Use | 33 (45.2%) | 7 (58.3%) | 64 (58.2%) | .2074 |
| Heart Failure Medications | ||||
| ACE or ARB | 40 (54.8%) | 5 (41.7%) | 51 (46.4%) | .4629 |
| Beta blocker | 42 (57.5%) | 4 (33.3%) | 83 (75.4%) | *.0018 |
| Statin | 45 (61.6%) | 5 (41.7%) | 68 (61.8%) | .3865 |
| HCTZ | 1 (2.0%) | 2 (20.0%) | 5 (6.2%) | .0927 |
| Loop diuretic | 51 (78.5%) | 6 (60.0%) | 67 (67.7%) | .2362 |
| Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) | 13.5 (4.5) | 13.6 (3.9) | 16.4 (4.4) | **<.0001 |
| Self-reported sleep characteristics (PSQI) | ||||
| Sleep Duration | 6.1 (2.1) | 6.7 (1.6) | 5.8 (1.4) | .1469 |
| Sleep Efficiency | 80.2 (15.3) | 80.1 (12.6) | 76.5 (14.7) | .2508 |
| Sleep Latency | 28.5 (27.6) | 50.0 (54.1) | 36.9 (39.1) | .1221 |
| Nocturia (3 or more times per week) | 47 (66.2%) | 6 (50.0%) | 79 (75.1%) | .2060 |
| Actigraph sleep characteristics | ||||
| Sleep Duration (h) | 7.9 (1.8) | 7.9 (1.2) | 7.6 (1.6) | .4690 |
| Sleep Efficiency (%) | 80.3 (7.5) | 82.0 (7.1) | 79.7 (10.3) | 7066 |
| Sleep Latency (min) | 19.4 (16.4) | 20.2 (10.9) | 20.2 (22.8) | .9711 |
| Wake After Sleep Onset (min) | 62.0 (26.4) | 57.3 (26.2) | 62.8 (36.2) | .8658 |
Note.
*,**
indicates that p-value is still <.05 and <.01 respectively after adjusting for age, gender, body mass index, ejection fraction, and Charlson Comorbidity Index.
The p-value for sleep latency was obtained using log-transformed sleep latency. HFpEF = heart failure persevered ejection fraction, HFmEF = heart failure midrange ejection fraction, HFrER = heart failure reduced ejection fraction, LVEF = left ventricular ejection fraction.