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. 2022 Oct 6;12:16769. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-21089-4

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Illustration and description of the land-use gradient from conventional open pasturelands (OP), fodder banks, (FB) live fences (LF), pasturelands with dispersed trees (DT), secondary forests (SF) to primary forests (PF) selected for carbon monitoring. Land-uses followed an intensity gradient from ecologically simple to complex systems. The photographs were taken by Deb Raj Aryal from Chiapas (OP, FB, DT, PF) and Campeche (SF), Mexico. The animals in the images were to represent that the lands we sampled are used for animal grazing.