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. 2022 Sep 23;9:971621. doi: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.971621

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Copyright © 2022 Wijesinghe, Anderson, Brown, Nanus, Housmans, Green, Hackl, Choi, Arkill, Welting, James, Jones and Peffers.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Isolated senescent EVs can induce bystander effect in non-senescent cells. (A) Percentage of senescence-associated β-galactosidase staining of senescent EV treated synovial fibroblasts over 14 days. N = 4. (black asterisks: RMPI Control vs. Senescent EV, red asterisks: EV depleted RMPI vs. Senescent EV, blue asterisks: Control EV vs. Senescent EV). (B) Senescence associated secretory phenotype (SASP) determined by IL-6 ELISA at day 3 and day 9 of EV treatment (N = 6). (C,D) SASP and senescent EV associated genes of interest quantified by RT-PCR (N = 6). (E) Report assay for key signalling pathways using SW1355 reporter cells following treatment with control and senescent EVs. Error bars represent standard error of the mean. Statistical analysis include repeated measures ANOVA (A) and paired student’s t-test (C–E). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.