TABLE 4.
Multivariate Cox proportional hazard analysis for composite end–point of HHF or all cause death.
| Variables | HHF or all cause death (n = 41) |
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| Model 1† |
Model 1 + LVMI |
Model 1 + E/e’ |
Model 1 + SPAP |
Model 1 + TR |
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| HR (95% CI) | P-value | HR (95% CI) | P-value | HR (95% CI) | P-value | HR (95% CI) | P-value | HR (95% CI) | P-value | |
| Clinical characteristics | ||||||||||
| Age | 1.07 (1.03–1.11) | < 0.001* | 1.07 (1.03–1.11) | < 0.001* | 1.06 (1.02–1.10) | 0.003* | 1.07 (1.03–1.11) | < 0.001* | 1.07 (1.03–1.11) | < 0.001* |
| Female | 3.50 (1.73–7.11) | < 0.001* | 3.52 (1.73–7.14) | < 0.001* | 3.11 (1.50–6.43) | 0.002* | 2.99 (1.46–6.12) | 0.003* | 3.44 (1.70–6.67) | < 0.001* |
| BMI | 1.05 (0.96–1.15) | 0.316 | 1.05 (0.96–1.15) | 0.320 | 1.07 (0.97–1.17) | 0.188 | 1.05 (0.96–1.16) | 0.271 | 1.05 (0.96–1.15) | 0.308 |
| Hypertension | 1.57 (0.77–3.20) | 0.216 | 1.53 (0.74–3.19) | 0.252 | 1.57 (0.77–3.18) | 0.214 | 1.81 (0.87–3.74) | 0.112 | 1.70 (0.84–3.42) | 0.140 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 1.07 (0.49–2.36) | 0.859 | 1.07 (0.49–2.36) | 0.865 | 0.94 (0.42–2.13) | 0.890 | 1.01 (0.46–2.23) | 0.978 | 1.12 (0.51–2.44) | 0.784 |
| Persistent or permanent AF | 0.75 (0.28–2.03) | 0.570 | 0.75 (0.28–2.04) | 0.577 | 0.74 (0.27–2.03) | 0.563 | 0.64 (0.23–1.75) | 0.381 | 0.78 (0.29–2.09) | 0.618 |
| Echocardiographic parameters | ||||||||||
| LA enlargement (≥ 34mL/m2) | 2.24 (0.29–17.13) | 0.436 | 2.27 (0.30–17.42) | 0.430 | 1.89 (0.24–14.71) | 0.542 | 2.51 (0.32–19.52) | 0.380 | 2.14 (0.28–16.33) | 0.465 |
| RA enlargement (≥ 30mL/m2) | 2.70 (1.27–5.67) | 0.001* | 2.65 (1.23–5.69) | 0.013* | 3.02 (1.39–6.54) | 0.005* | 2.44 (1.05–5.65) | 0.037* | 2.32 (1.07–4.93) | 0.029* |
| LVEF (%) | 0.93 (0.89–0.97) | 0.001* | 0.93 (0.89–0.97) | 0.002* | 0.93 (0.89–0.98) | 0.003* | 0.91 (0.87–0.96) | < 0.001* | 0.92 (0.87–0.96) | < 0.001* |
| LVMI (g/m2) | – | – | 1.00 (0.99–1.02) | 0.785 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| E/e’ | – | – | – | – | 1.05 (0.99–1.12) | 0.131 | – | – | – | – |
| SPAP (mmHg) | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1.03 (1.00–1.06) | 0.061 | – | – |
| TR | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 2.80 (1.21–6.48) | 0.016* |
†Model 1 included age, sex, BMI, hypertension, diabetes, type of AF, LA enlargement, RA enlargement and LVEF. AF, atrial fibrillation; BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; HHF, heart failure hospitalization; HR, hazard ratio; LA, left atrium; LVMI, left ventricular mass index; RA, right atrium; SPAP, systolic pulmonary atrial pressure; TR, tricuspid regurgitation * Mean p < 0.05.