Table 6.
Characteristics of children with T1DM and multiple autoimmunity compared to their counterparts with one or no additional autoimmune disease
| Characteristic | T1DM and ≥2 | T1DM + 1 autoimmune | No autoimmune disease | P-value† | P-value‡ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Present age (yr) | 13.36±3.20 | 13.64±4.14 | 11.47±4.77 | 0.093 | 0.309 |
| Sex, male:female | 3:4 (42.9:57.1) | 12:16(42.9:57.1) | 48:38(55.8:44.2) | 0.435 | 0.697 |
| Age at diabetes diagnosis (yr) | 7.57±4.73 | 8.05±3.70 | 7.48±3.61 | 1.000 | 0.948 |
| Age at diabetes diagnosis <5 years, yes:no | 3/4 (42.9/57.1) | 8/20 (28.6/71.4) | 28/58 (32.6/67.4) | 0.789 | 0.682 |
| T1DM duration (age) | 4.0 (1.5–11.0) | 4.75 (2.5–7.5) | 3.0 (1.0–6.0) | 0.132 | 0.277 |
| Mean HbA1c (last year) | 7.41±0.79 | 7.82±1.35 | 7.63±1.13 | 1.000 | 0.605 |
| 2 Antipancreatic antibodies, yes:no | 1:3 (20.0:80.0) | 12:2 (85.7:14.3) | 37:7 (84.1:15.9) | 1.000 | 1.000 |
| DKA at diagnosis, present:absent | 6:0 (100:0) | 15:10(60.0:40.0) | 57:28(67.1:32.7) | 0.190 | 0.172 |
| Moderate/severe DKA at diagnosis, present:absent | 4:2 (66.7:33.3) | 8:17 (32.0:68.0) | 47:38(55.3:44.7) | 0.085 | 0.691 |
| Familial autoimmunity, yes:no | 7:0 (100:0.0) | 18:10(64.3:35.7) | 51:35(59.3:40.7) | 0.080 | 0.042 |
| No. of relatives with familial autoimmunity ≥ 3, yes:no | 2:5 (28.6:71.4) | 8:20 (28.6:71.4) | 8:78 (9.3:90.7) | 0.026 | 0.163 |
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation, number (%), or median (interquartile range).
T1DM, type 1 diabetes mellitus; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; DKA, diabetic ketoacidosis.
†
Comparison of all 3 groups.
‡
Comparison of T1DM group and group with ≥2 autoimmune diseases versus group with no associated autoimmune diseases.