Table 3.
Selected studies' characteristics and MCI prevalence.
| Author | Country | Study design | N. | Inclusion | Sex (% F) | Age | Schooling | Diagnostic criteria | Cut- off | Prevalencea |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Afgin et al. (29) | Israel | Longitudinal | 944 | ≥65 | 50.6% | 65–69: 39.4% 70–79: 46.4% ≥80: 14.1% |
3 (±3) | Morris (30) | CDR = 0.5 | 32.1% |
| Alkhunizan et al. (31) | Saudi Arabia | Cross-sectional | 171 | ≥60 | 43% | 67 (±6) | Illiterate: 23.4% Non-illiterate: 76.6% |
MoCA < 26 (32) | MoCA < 26 | 38.6% |
| Amer et al. (33) | Egypt | Cross-sectional | 100 | ≥60 | 54% | Normal: 64.65 (±4) MCI: 67.75 (±4.99) |
Illiterate: 16% Able to read and write: 14% Diploma: 42% Degree: 28% |
MoCA < 26 | MoCA < 26 | 32% |
| Anstey et al. (34) | Australia | Longitudinal | 2,551 | 60–64 at wave 1 | 48.3% | 70.60 (±1.50) | 13.98 (±2.7) | Petersen (7) | (1) MMSE ≤ 25; (2) a score below the 5th percentile on immediate or delayed recall of the California Verbal Learning Test (immediate or delayed score of < 4and < 2, respectively); (3) a score below the 5th percentile on either of the following two tests: Symbol-Digit Modalities Test (<33) or Purdue Pegboard with both hands (<8) or reaction time (third set of 20 trials) (>0.31 s). |
7.68% |
| Busse et al. (35) | Germany | Longitudinal | 929 | ≥75 | 75.9% | 81.5 (±4.9) | Low: 22.4% Medium: 63.6% High: 13.6% Illiterate: 0.4% |
aMCI: Petersen (7) aMCI-modified: no criteria regarding subjective cognitive complaints |
1 SD | aMCI: 3.1%; aMCI– modified: 5.1%. |
| Busse et al. (36) | Germany | Longitudinal | 929 | ≥75 | 75.9% | 81.5 (±4.9) | Low: 22.4% Medium: 63.6% High: 13.6% Illiterate: 0.4% |
aMCI: Petersen (7) aMCI-modified: no criterion regarding subjective cognitive complaints |
1–1.5–2 SD | aMCI: 1 DS: 15% 1.5 DS: 8.5% 2 DS: 5% aMCI-modified: 1 DS: 32.5% 1.5 DS 16.8% 2 DS 9.3% |
| Chuang et al. (37) | Taiwan | Cross-sectional | 470 | ≥75 | 61.3% | 71.2 (±5.4) | 7.9 (±4.4) | Albert (1) | 1.5 SD | 17.3% |
| Clark et al. (38) | United States | Longitudinal | 476 | - | 70% | 53.8 (±6.7) | 16.2 (±2.9) | Jak (13) Criterion 1: At least one test blows the cut-off Criterion 2: At least two tests below the cut-off for one cognitive domain Cut-off values follow both standard and robust norms |
1.5 SD | Criterion 1 – standard norms: 18% Criterion 1 – robust norms: 49% Criterion 2 – standard norms: 3% Criterion 2 – robust norms: 20% |
| Dimitrov et al. (39) | Bulgaria | Cross-sectional | 540 | ≥65 | 58.7% | 73 (±5.5) | – | Petersen's criteria modified by Portet (40) | MMSE < 25 | 6.7% |
| Ding et al. (41) | China | Cross-sectional | 3,141 | ≥60 | 54.2% | 72.3 (±8.1) | 11.6 (±4.4) | Petersen (3) | 1.5 SD | 20.1% |
| Dlugaj et al. (42) | Germany | Cross-sectional | 656 | 50–80 | 47% | 68.9 (±6.6) | ≤ 10: 18.6% 11–13: 61.4% ≥14: 20% |
MCI- original criteria (2.90). MCI- modified criteria: no criterion regarding subjective cognitive complaints |
1 SD | MCI – original: 7.8% MCI – modified: 12.1% |
| Fernández - Blázquez et al. (43) | Spain | Longitudinal | 1,180 | ≥70 | 63.6% | 74.9 (±3.9) | Illiterate: 20.4% Primary education: 30.6% Secondary education: 23.7% Higher education: 25.4% |
Albert (1) | CDR = 0.5 | 7% |
| Ganguli et al. (44) | United States | Cross-sectional | 1,982 | ≥65 | 61.1% | 77.6 (±7.4) | Less than high school: 13.8% High school: 45.1% More than high school: 41.1% |
Criterion 1: CDR = 0.5 Criterion 2: Ad hoc Criterion 3: Petersen (3) -aMCI Criterion 4: Winblad (45) |
1 SD | Criterion 1: 27.6% Criterion 2: 34.7% Criterion 3: 2.27% Criterion 4: 17.61% |
| Gavrila et al. (46) | Spain | Cross-sectional | 1,074 | ≥65 | 55.7% | 73.9 (±6.8) | Illiterate: 7.8% Able to read and write: 19.7% Primary: 36.3% Secondary: 25.5% >Secondary: 10.7% |
Caracciolo (47) | 1.5 SD | aMCI: 8.7% |
| GjØra et al. (48) | Norway | Cross-sectional | 9,663 | ≥70 | 54.4% | 77.9 (±6.4) | < 10: 41.8% 11–12: 34% >12: 24.2% |
DSM-5 | - | 35.3% |
| González et al. (49) | United States | Longitudinal | 6,377 | ≥45 | 55% | 63 (±8) | >12: 40% | Albert (1) | 1 SD | 9.8% |
| Han et al. (50) | South Korea | Cross-sectional | 755 | ≥65 | – | – | – | Petersen (3) | 1.5 SD | 31.85% |
| Hanninen et al. (51) | Finland | Cross-sectional | 806 | 60–76 | 60.2% | 68.1 (±4.5) | 9.1 (±3.4) | Petersen (7) | 1.5 SD | 5.3% |
| Jia et al. (17) | China | Cross-sectional | 1,0276 | ≥65 | Urban: 56.8% Rural: 58.2% |
Urban: 65–69: 29% 70–74: 34.3% 75–79: 22.9% ≥80: 13.8% Rural: 65–69: 34.7% 70–74: 27.3% 75–79: 22.7% ≥80: 15.3% |
Urban: < 1: 17.7% 1–6: 32.7% 7–9: 19% ≥10: 29.9% Rural: < 1: 48.2% 1–6: 38.8% 7–9: 9.8% ≥10: 3.1% |
Petersen (3) e Winblad (45) | 1.5 SD | 20.8% |
| Juncos-Rabadan et al. (52) | Spain | Cross-sectional | 580 | ≥50 | 69.1% | 50–54: 8.6% 55–59: 9.5% 60–64: 16.2% 65–69: 16.6% 70–74: 18.6% 75–79: 17.2% 80–84: 8.8% 85–90: 4.5% |
0–4: 15.5% 5–8: 46.4% 9–12: 19.7% 13+: 18.4% |
Petersen (3) | 1.5 SD | 29.1% |
| Katz et al. (53) | United States | Longitudinal | 1,818 | ≥70 | – | – | – | Artero (54) | 1.5 SD | 21.5% |
| Khedr et al. (55) | Egypt | Cross-sectional | 691 | ≥60 | – | – | – | – | 1 SD | aMCI: 1.74% |
| Kim et al. (56) | South Korea | Cross-sectional | 1,673 | ≥65 | 60.2% | – | – | Petersen (3) | 1.5 SD | 24.1% |
| Kochan et al. (57) | Australia | Cross-sectional | 987 | 70–90 | English speaking background: 56% Non-English speaking background: 50.6% |
English speaking background: 78.55 (±4.75) Non-English speaking background: 79.85 (±4.90) |
English speaking background: 11.64 (±3.51) Non-English speaking background: 11.52 (±3.29) |
Petersen (3) | 1–1.5–2 SD | 4–70% |
| Kumar et al. (58) | Australia | Cross-sectional | 2,551 | 60–64 | 48.3% | 70.60 (±1.50) | 13.98 (±(2.7) | Petersen (7) | (1) MMSE ≤ 25; (2) a score below the 5th percentile on immediate or delayed recall of the California Verbal Learning Test (immediate or delayed score of < 4 and < 2, respectively); (3) a score below the 5th percentile on either of the following two tests: Symbol-Digit Modalities Test (<33) or Purdue Pegboard with both hands (<8) or reaction time (third set of 20 trials) (>0.31 s). | 3.7% |
| Lara et al. (59) | Spain | Cross-sectional | 3,625 | ≥50 | 53.6% | 66.26 | Illiterate: 32.3% Primary education: 31.3% Secondary education: 25.6% Higher education: 10.8% |
Albert (1) | 1 SD | 9.6% |
| Lee et al. (60) | South Korea | Cross-sectional | 714 | ≥65 | 57.8% | 71.9 (±5.7) | ≤ 6: 50.7% ≥7: 49.3% |
Petersen (3) | 1.5 SD | 27.6% |
| Li et al. (61) | China | Cross-sectional | 1,020 | ≥55 | 63.3% | 63.9 (±6.6) | 11.6 (±2.9) | Petersen (3) | 1.5 SD | 15.7% |
| Limongi et al. (62) | Italy | Longitudinal | 2,337 | ≥65 | 58.3% | 74 | 5 | Petersen's modified criteria (42) | 1 SD | 21.6% |
| Lindgren et al. (63) | Finland | Cross-sectional | 1,772 | 75–81 | 49.7% | Women: 73.7 (±1.4) Men: 73.9 (±1.6) |
Women: 8.6 (±3.1) Men: 8.5 (±3.2) |
Knopman (64) | Score 28–31 | 9.3% |
| Liu et al. (65) | Taiwan | Cross-sectional | 10.432 | ≥65 | 52% | Urban: 76.5 (±7.3) Suburban: 76.2 (±6.8) Rural: 76.1 (±6.3) |
Urban: 0: 17.9% ≤ 6: 43.1% 7–12: 25.9% >12: 13.1% Suburban: 0: 30.6% ≤ 6: 43.9% 7–12: 17.9% >12: 7.6% Rural: 0: 42.6% ≤ 6: 47.8% 7–12: 7.8% >12: 1.9% |
– | – | Urban: 15.11% Suburban: 16.67% Rural: 20.29% |
| Liu et al. (66) | Singapore | Cross-sectional | 973 | ≥65 | 72.87% | MCI: 69.39 (±6.67) Normal: 67.65 (±5.52) |
MCI: 0: 52.5% 1–6: 26.2% >6: 21.3% Normal: 0: 35.4% 1–6: 33.8% >6: 30.8% |
Albert (1) | 1.5 SD | 12.5% |
| Lopez et al. (67) | United States | Longitudinal | CHS Cohort: 2,470 Pittsburgh Cohort: 599 |
- | CHS Cohort: 60.9% Pittsburgh Cohort: 59.6% |
CHS Cohort: < 75: 15.7% 75–79: 49.4% 80–84: 23.6% 85+: 11.2% Pittsburgh Cohort: < 75: 14.5% 75–79: 51.4% 80–84: 25% 85+: 9% |
CHS Cohort: < high school: 51.6% >high school: 48.3% Pittsburgh Cohort: < high school: 43.9% >high school: 56.1% |
– | 1.5 SD | CHS Cohort: 18.8% Pittsburgh Cohort: 21.7% |
| Lopez-Anton et al. (68) | Spain | Cross-sectional | 4,803 | ≥55 | Non cases: 43.93% P-MCI: 61.60% DSM-MCI: 69.48% |
Non cases: 71.54 (±8.97) P-MCI: 73.54 (±8.69) DSM-MCI: 80.53 (±8.75) |
Non cases: 7.81 (±3.97) P-MCI: 6.49 (±3.29) DSM-MCI: 6.32 (±3.18) |
Petersen (7) / DSM-5 | - | aMCI – Petersen: 7.05% MCI DSM-5: 3.36%. |
| Luck et al. (69) | Germany | Longitudinal | 3,242 | ≥75 | 65.6% | 80.1 (±3.6) | Low: 62% Middle: 27.3% High: 10.6% |
Original criteria (45) Modified criteria: no criterion regarding subjective cognitive complaints |
1 SD | Original criteria: 5.4% Modified criteria: 25.2% |
| Ma et al. (70) | China | Cross-sectional | 5,214 | ≥65 | 56.1% | 72.13 (±4.22) | 6.34 (±7.26) | Petersen (3) | 1.5 SD | 11.33% |
| Meguro et al. (71) | Japan | Cross-sectional | 1,501 | ≥65 | – | CDR 0: 72.7 | CDR 0: 8.4 | Petersen (7) | 1.5 SD | 4.9% |
| CDR 0.5: 74.8 | CDR 0.5: 7.6 | |||||||||
| CDR >1: 78.7 | CDR >1: 7.8 | |||||||||
| Mohan et al. (72) | India | Cross-sectional | 426 | ≥60 | 62% | 69.9 (±7.9) | 6.78 (±4) | Portet (40) | 1 SD | 26.06% |
| Mooi and Hamid (73) | Malaysia | Cross-sectional | 2,112 | ≥60 | 51.4% | 68.8 (±6.1) | Illiterate: 19% Primary education: 50.2% Secondary education: 17.3% Higher education: 5.2% |
Shahar (74) | MMSE ≤ 21 | 68% |
| Moretti et al. (75) | Italy | Cross-sectional | 7,930 | ≥60 | 60.3% | 72.6 (±8.2) | 0–3:45.6% 4–8: 43.3% >8: 11.1% |
Winblad (45) Definition A: no criterion regarding subjective cognitive complaints Definition B: original criteria |
1.5 SD | MCI-A: 24.5% MCI- B: 6% |
| Noguchi-Shinohara, et al. (76) | Japan | Cross-sectional | 650 | ≥65 | 59.5% | 76.4 (±7.3) | 9.6 (±2.3) | Winblad (45) | CDR = 0.5 | 16.4% |
| Ogunniyi, et al. (77) | Nigeria | Cross-sectional | 642 | ≥65 | Normal: 68.3% MCI: 80.2% Dementia: 41.2% |
– | – | Petersen (9) | – | 18.4% |
| Paddick et al. (78) | Tanzania | Cross-sectional | 296 | ≥70 | – | – | – | Winblad (45) | – | 6.3% |
| Parlevliet et al. (79) | Netherlands | Cross-sectional | 2,254 | ≥55 | 55.6% | 65 (±7.5) | – | Krabbe (80) | 1 SD | Turkish: 3% Moroccan - Arabic: 10.1% Moroccan – Berber: 9.4% Surinamese - Hindustani: 11.9% Surinamese – Creole: 5.9% Native Dutch: 3.3% |
| Peltz et al. (81) | United States | Cross-sectional | 420 | ≥90 | 66% | 93.2 | High school or less: 23.1% < College graduate: 32.4% College graduate or more: 44.5% |
Petersen (82) | 1.5 SD | 16.6% |
| Petersen et al. (83) | United States | Longitudinal | 1,969 | 70–89 | 49.1% | 70–79: 53.8% 80–89: 46.2% |
< 9: 7.2% 9–12: 39.5% 13–16: 36.7% >16: 16.7% |
Petersen (3) | 1 SD | 16% |
| Radford et al. (84) | Australia | Cross-sectional | 336 | ≥60 | 59.5% | 66.6 (±6.3) | < 10: 61% 10 or more: 39% |
Winblad (45) | MMSE ≤ 26, mKICA ≤ 35, and/or RUDAS ≤ 25 | 17.7% |
| Rao et al. (85) | China | Cross-sectional | 2,111 | ≥65 | 59.5% | Men: 75.7 (±6.5) | Rural: 2.16 ± 2.99 | Petersen (3) | 1.5 SD | 14.2% |
| Women: 76.1 (±6.8) | Urban: 4.77 ± 4.79 | |||||||||
| Rentería et al. (86) | Mexico | Cross-sectional | 1,807 | ≥55 | 58.9% | 67.2 (±8.4) | 5.7 (±4.5) | Jak (13) | 1.5 SD | 34.4% |
| Robertson et al. (27) | United States | Longitudinal | 1,721 | ≥65 | 59.5% | 78.2 (±7.3) | 15.7 (±3.0) | Trittschuh (87) | 1–1.5 SD | 43–87% |
| Ruan et al. (88) | China | Cross-sectional | 5,175 | ≥60 | 53.4% | 60–69: 45.8% | < 6: 9.4% | – | Scores 6–7 | 9.67% |
| 70–79: 37.4% | 6–12: 66.8% | |||||||||
| ≥80: 16.8% | >15: 15.9% | |||||||||
| Sasaki et al. (89) | Japan | Cross-sectional | 1,443 | ≥65 | 58.9% | 73.6 (±5.8) | 10 (±2.6) | – | 1 – 1.5 SD | 1 DS: 38.9% 1.5 DS: 18.9% |
| Shahnawaz et al. (90) | Australia | Cross-sectional | 767 | 70–90 | 56.5% | 78.53 (±4.68) | 11.61 (±3.51) | Winblad (45) | 1.5 SD | 38.9% |
| Shimada et al. (19) | Japan | Cross-sectional | 5,025 | ≥65 | 51% | – | – | Jungwirth (91) | 1.5 SD | 18.8% |
| Sosa et al. (28) | Cuba, Dominican Republic, Peru, Mexico, Venezuela, Puerto Rico, China, and India | Cross-sectional | 15,376 | ≥65 | Cuba: 64.4% Dominican Republic: 65.3% Peru: 60.7% Mexico: 62.8% Venezuela: 63% Puerto Rico: 67% China: 56% India: 54% | Cuba; 65–69: 28.2% 70–74: 28.2% 75–79: 22.2% 80+: 21.2% Dominican Republic: 65–69: 28.9% 70–74: 27.3% 75–79: 19.5% 80+: 24.2% Peru: 65–69: 30.5% 70–74: 26.9% 75–79: 20.8% 80+: 21.8% Mexico: 65–69: 29.5% 70–74: 30.3% 75–79: 21.1% 80+: 19.1% Venezuela: 65–69: 44.7% 70–74: 24.7% 75–79: 17.6% 80+: 13% Puerto Rico: 65–69: 22.6% |
Cuba: Illiterate: 2.1% Some education: 20.9% Primary education: 33% Secondary education: 26% Higher education: 17.9% Dominican Republic: Illiterate: 17.8% Some education: 51.8% Primary education: 19.1% Secondary education: 7.1% Higher education: 3.7% Peru: Illiterate: 5.8% Some education: 12% Primary education: 37% |
Petersen (9) | 1.5 SD | aMCI Cuba: 1.5% Dominican Republic: 1.3% Peru: 2.6% Mexico: 2.8% Venezuela: 1% Puerto Rico: 3% China: 0.6% India: 4.6% |
| 70–74: 24.9% 75–79: 24.7% 80+: 27.9% China: 65–69: 33.9% 70–74: 31.5% 75–79: 20.7% 80+: 13.9% India: 65–69: 39% 70–74: 33.5% 75–79: 16.1% 80+: 11.2% |
Secondary education: 27.5% Higher education: 17% Mexico: Illiterate: 25.2% Some education: 44% Primary education: 18.5% Secondary education: 6.4% |
|||||||||
| Secondary education: 6.4% Higher education: 5.7% Venezuela: Illiterate: 7.3% Some education: 22.4% Primary education: 50.2% Secondary education: 14.4% Higher education: 5.1% Puerto Rico: Illiterate: 2.7% Some education: 17.7% Primary education: 20.2% |
||||||||||
| Secondary education: 37.5% Higher education: 21.7% China: No education: 36.9% Some education: 12.2% Primary education: 26.4% Secondary education: 17.8% Higher education: 6.7% India: Illiterate: 51.9% Some education: 22.8% Primary education: 16.7% Secondary education: 6.1% Higher education: 2.4% |
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| Su et al. (92) | China | Cross-sectional | 796 | ≥60 | 62.7% | 71.4 (±6.8) | 0: 13.7% 1–6: 23.9% 7–9: 31.3% 10–12: 21% ≥13: 10.2% |
Petersen (3) | MMSE ≤ 17 for illiterates; MMSE ≤ 20 for primary school graduates (≥6 years of education), MMSE ≤ 24 for junior school graduates or above (≥9 years of education) |
18.2% |
| Teh et al. (26) | Singapore | Cross-sectional | 2,165 | ≥60 | - | - | - | Winblad (45) | 1.5 SD | 1.2% |
| Tognoni et al. (93) | Italy | Cross-sectional | 1,600 | ≥65 | 59.6% | 74.65 (±7.26) | Illiterate: 1.8% At least 3 years: 14% University degree: 0.7% |
Petersen (7) |
MMSE ≤ 24 CDR = 0.5 |
aMCI: 4.9% |
| Tsolaki et al. (94) | Greece | Cross-sectional | 443 | ≥65 | In line with diagnoses made with method 4: Normal group: 32.2% MCI group: 35.3% Depression group: 62.7% MCI with depression group: 73.7% Dementia group: 55.6% Dementia with depression group: 68.8% |
In line with diagnoses made with method 4: Normal group: 73 (6.8) MCI group: 75.7 (±7.1) Depression group: 76.1 (±6.4) MCI with depression group: 77.8 (±7) Dementia group: 75.7 (±6.9) Dementia with depression group: 78.4 (±7.7) |
In line with diagnoses made with method 4: Normal group: 4.1 (±2.9) MCI group: 2.7 (±2.4) Depression group: 3.8 (±2.9) MCI with depression group: 3.9 (±2.7) Dementia group: 5 (±3.5) Dementia with depression group: 3.2 (±2) |
Method 1: Ad hoc
Method 2: Same criteria as method 1 but MMSE score is adjusted for age and schooling Method 3: Petersen (95) Method 4: Same criteria as method 1 but MMSE score is adjusted for age and schooling |
MMSE/HINDE < 28 and >24 | Method 1: MCI: 16.5 % MCI with depression: 12.9 % Method 2: MCI: 5.9 % MCI with depression: 6.3 % Method 3: MCI: 20.1 % MCI with depression: 21.9 % Method 4: MCI: 15.3 % MCI with depression: 8.6 % |
| Tsoy et al. (96) | Kazakhstan | Cross-sectional | 662 | ≥60 | 75.7% | 70 | < high school: 1.96% High school: 10.42% College: 32.33% University: 55.29% |
Winblad (45) | MoCA ≤ 26 | 30% |
| Vlachos et al. (97) | Greece | Longitudinal | 1,960 | ≥65 | 59.4% | 73.46 (±5.471) | 7.95 (±4.940) | Petersen (3) | 1.5 SD | 13.11% |
| Welstead et al. (98) | United Kingdom | Longitudinal | 567 | Wave 3: 76 years | MCI: 38% | MCI: 76.21 (±0.66) | MCI: 10.76 (±1.16) | Albert (1) | 1.5 SD | 15% |
| Normal: 48% | Normal: 76.25 (±0.68) | Normal: 10.81 (±1.13) | ||||||||
| Wu et al. (99) | China | Cross-sectional | 2,065 | ≥60 | 59.4% | 76.25 (±6.6) | >7: 72.1% | – | MMSE score < 17 for illiterate subjects, < 20 for subjects with 1–6 years of education and < 24 for subjects with < 7 years of education. | 15.4% |
| Xu et al. (100) | China | Cross-sectional | 2,426 | ≥60 | 60.7% | 69.1 (±6.8) | 0–6: 43.2% 7–12: 44.8% >12: 12% |
Petersen (7) | 1.5 SD | 21.3% |
| Yang et al. (101) | China | Cross-sectional | 925 | ≥65 | 54% | 71.16 (±4.41) | Dementia: ≤ 6: 83.5% 7–9: 13.6% 10–12: 1.9% >12: 1% MCI: ≤ 6: 65.9% 7–9: 31.2% 10–12: 2.2% >12: 0.7% Normal: ≤ 6: 41.6% 7–9: 48.9% 10–12: 5.7% >12: 3.8% |
Petersen (3) | 1.5 SD | 29.8% |
a
If available, standardized prevalence rates have been reported.