Table 1.

Characteristics of Respondents who Completed the Implicit Association Test and Explicit Bias Survey

Sample Characteristics	Total		D-Score1		Explicit Bias Score - All Questions2		Explicit Bias Score - Attitudes2		Explicit Bias Score - PCDU2		Explicit Bias Score - PWUDDHC2
	N	(%)	Mean	p-value	Mean	p-value	Mean	p-value	Mean	p-value	Mean	p-value
Gender3
Female	57	(72.2)	0.46	0.960	2.08	0.488	2.16	0.959	2.24	0.294	1.95	0.773
Male	21	(26.6)	0.47		1.99		2.15		2.02		1.90
Department
Emergency Medicine	13	(16.5)	0.31	0.159	2.34	0.049	2.43	0.159	2.33	0.389	2.38	0.017
Psychiatry	15	(19.0)	0.49		1.80		1.85		2.02		1.65
Family Medicine	12	(15.2)	0.56		2.01		2.13		2.00		1.92
Internal Medicine	7	(8.9)	0.54		1.79		2.11		1.86		1.46
Obstetrics/Gynecology	5	(6.3)	0.76		2.44		2.56		2.60		2.36
Other	26	(32.9)	0.40		2.05		2.14		2.20		1.90
Position
Physician - Staff/Attending	30	(38.0)	0.45	0.241	2.00	0.529	2.13	0.66	2.13	0.331	1.84	0.291
Medical Training - Student/Resident	20	(25.3)	0.37		1.98		2.1		1.92		1.95
Nurse	11	(13.9)	0.64		2.31		2.38		2.45		2.25
Other	17	(21.5)	0.45		2.03		2.13		2.28		1.84
Number of Substance Patients Seen Weekly with SUD
0	9	(11.4)	0.49	0.221	2.19	0.514	2.31	0.691	2.47	0.278	1.91	0.926
1–10	48	(60.8)	0.49		2.03		2.16		2.07		1.93
>10	22	(27.8)	0.38		2.05		2.09		2.26		1.95

¹The D-score ranged from −2 to +2, and we defined a positive score to indicate negative implicit bias toward Target A (“drug users”), whereas a negative score indicated negative implicit bias toward Target B (“non-users”). A D-score of zero indicated no implicit bias.

²Explicit bias scores are based on a 5-point Likert scale, where 5 indicates the highest negative bias. Attitudes=attitudes toward PWUD; PCDU=perceived controllability over drug use; PWUDDHC=do persons who use drugs deserve healthcare.

³One individual identified as non-binary was not included in the univariate comparison due to small sample size.