Table 2.

Preclinical studies on the effects of immune receptor agonists preconditioning on therapeutic and immunomodulatory properties of mesenchymal stem cells.

Immune receptor agonist	Type of MSCs	Preclinical Model	Therapeutic and Immunomodulatory Effects	Reference
Poly(I:C), TLR3 ligand	human UC-MSCs	Mouse model of colitis	Downregulated inflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-17A/-21/-23); increased IL-10 quantities; reduced Th1 and Th17 cell proliferation; expanded the number of Tregs; and improved survival of diseased animals	(110)
Poly(I:C), TLR3 ligand and IFN-γ	Mouse BM-MSCs	Mouse model of colitis	Decreased the infiltration of immune cells into and the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in colon tissue, spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes; promoted epithelial regeneration, enterocyte proliferation and Treg expansion; and restored the mucosal barrier	(111)
Poly(I:C), TLR3 ligand	Human Wharton’s jelly MSCs	Mouse model of atopic dermatitis	Reduced immune infiltration into and expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the skin	(112)
Flagellin, TLR5 ligand	Rat BM-MSCs	Rat radiation-induced proctitis model	Stimulated IL-10 expression and promoted Treg proliferation while inhibiting Th17 differentiation	(122)