TABLE 1.
Respiratory pathogens detected from study participants by enrollment site
| Total n (%) | Machala n (%) | Quito n (%) | p‐value a | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Samples collected | 820 | 491 | 329 | |
| One or more pathogens detected | 655 (80) | 374 (76) | 281 (85) | 0.001 |
| Rhinoviruses | 285 (44) | 184 (49) | 101 (36) | <0.001 |
| Enteroviruses | 111 (17) | 29 (8) | 82 (29) | <0.001 |
| Coxsackie A6 | 12 (11) | 3 (10) | 9 (11) | 0.9 |
| Coxsackie A9 | 9 (8) | 0 | 9 (11) | |
| Coxsackie B4 | 8 (7) | 0 | 8 (10) | |
| Coxsackie B5 | 12 (11) | 0 | 12 (15) | |
| Coxsackie B6 | 2 (2) | 2 (7) | 0 | 0.1 |
| Echovirus 3 | 3 (3) | 0 | 3 (4) | |
| Echovirus 11 | 4 (4) | 3 (10) | 1 (1) | 0.02 |
| Echovirus 18 | 6 (5) | 0 | 6 (7) | |
| Enterovirus C105 | 7 (6) | 7 (24) | 0 | |
| Enterovirus D68 | 48 (43) | 14 (48) | 34 (41) | 0.52 |
| Parainfluenza viruses | 113 (17) | 57 (15) | 56 (20) | 0.12 |
| Parainfluenza virus type 1 | 22 (19) | 7 (12) | 15 (27) | 0.52 |
| Parainfluenza virus type 2 | 9 (8) | 4 (7) | 5 (9) | 0.71 |
| Parainfluenza virus type 3 | 53 (47) | 27 (47) | 26 (46) | 0.92 |
| Parainfluenza virus type 4 | 29 (26) | 19 (33) | 10 (18) | 0.06 |
| Respiratory syncytial virus | 99 (15) | 40 (11) | 59 (21) | <0.001 |
| Influenza viruses | 83 (13) | 38 (10) | 45 (16) | 0.03 |
| Influenza A H1N1 | 10 (12) | 6 (16) | 4 (9) | 0.34 |
| Influenza A H3N2 | 34 (41) | 11 (29) | 23 (51) | 0.04 |
| Influenza B | 37 (45) | 19 (50) | 18 (40) | 0.36 |
| Influenza virus—not typeable | 2 (2) | 2 (5) | 0 | |
| Human metapneumovirus | 63 (10) | 40 (11) | 23 (8) | 0.28 |
| Adenovirus | 55 (8) | 20 (5) | 35 (12) | 0.001 |
| Coronaviruses | 44 b (7) | 27 b (7) | 17 (6) | 0.55 |
| Coronavirus OC43 | 15 (34) | 6 (22) | 9 (53) | 0.04 |
| Coronavirus HKU1 | 6 (14) | 3 (11) | 3 (18) | 0.54 |
| Coronavirus 229E | 11 (25) | 8 (30) | 3 (18) | 0.37 |
| Coronavirus NL63 | 14 (32) | 12 (44) | 2 (12) | 0.02 |
| Atypical bacteria | 15 (2) | 11 (3) | 4 (1) | 0.199 |
| Mycoplasma pneumoniae | 9 (60) | 5 (45) | 4 (100) | |
| Chlamydia pneumoniae | 6 (40) | 6 (55) | 0 | |
| Bordetella pertussis | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Single pathogen detected | 481 (73) | 307 (82) | 174 (62) | <0.001 |
| Two pathogens detected | 153 (23) | 66 (18) | 87 (31) | <0.001 |
| Three pathogens detected | 17 (3) | 1 (<1) | 16 (6) | <0.001 |
| Four pathogens detected | 4 (<1) | 0 | 4 (1) |
a
p‐value when comparing the frequency of detection between Machala and Quito.
b
Total number does not equal the sum of the virus types as two subjects had co‐detection of two coronavirus types.