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. 2022 Sep 23;9:1003103. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2022.1003103

FIGURE 3.

FIGURE 3

Virus-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subset activation correlates with antiviral and tocilizumab treatment. (A) Flow cytometry showing elevated virus-specific CD4+ T helper cell (Tfh) cell activation after vaccine booster dose (V3; 2nd row) and stopping tocilizumab treatment (V5; 4th row). (B) Total CD4+ T cells (left), CD4+ T helper cells (Tfh, middle), and CD4+ memory T cells (TEM, right) have enhanced reactivity to SARS-CoV-2 structural (S, N) and non-structural (Orf1ab, Orf7) peptides after vaccine booster (V3) and stopping tocilizumab (V5), but low reactivity after nirmatrelvir/ritonavir treatment (V4) and resuming tocilizumab therapy (V6). (B) Total CD8+ T cells (right) and CD8+ memory T cell subsets (CD8+ TEMRA, TEM; middle, right) show increased activation after vaccine boost (V3) and stopping tocilizumab (V5), but low reactivity after nirmatrelvir/ritonavir treatment (V4) and resuming tocilizumab (V5). Data combined from 3 independent experiments.