TABLE 3.
Preclinical VLP vaccines targeting SARS‐CoV‐2
| Type of candidate vaccine | Coronavirus target | Same platform for non‐Coronavirus candidates | Developers |
|---|---|---|---|
| VLP | SARS‐CoV‐2 | Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems | |
| Virus‐like particle‐based dendritic cell (DC)‐targeting vaccine | SARS‐CoV‐2 | University of Manitoba | |
| VLP | SARS‐CoV‐2 | Bezmialem Vakif University | |
| Enveloped VLP (eVLP) | SARS‐CoV‐2, SARS‐CoV, & MERS‐CoV | CMV, GBM, Zika | VBI Vaccines Inc. |
| S protein integrated in HIV VLPs | SARS‐CoV‐2 | IrsiCaixa AIDS Research/IRTA‐CReSA/Barcelona Supercomputing Centre/Grifols | |
| VLP + Adjuvant | SARS‐CoV‐2 | Mahidol University/ The Government Pharmaceutical Organization (GPO)/Siriraj Hospital | |
| VLPs, lentivirus and baculovirus vehicles | SARS‐CoV‐2 | Navarrabiomed, Oncoimmunology group | |
| RBD displayed on VLP | SARS‐CoV‐2 | Saiba GmbH | |
| ADDomerTM multiepitope display | SARS‐CoV‐2 | Imophoron Ltd and Bristol University's Max Planck Centre | |
| Unknown | SARS‐CoV‐2 | Doherty Institute | |
| VLP | SARS‐CoV, SARS‐CoV‐2 | OSIVAX | |
| eVLP | SARS‐CoV‐2 | Malaria | ARTES Biotechnology |
| VLPs peptides/whole virus | SARS‐CoV‐2 | Univ. of Sao Paulo | |
| VLPs produced in baculovirus expression system | SARS‐CoV‐2 | Tampere University | |
| Plant‐derived VLP | SARS‐CoV‐2 | Shiraz University | |
| Myxoma virus co‐expressing S, M, N and E proteins | SARS‐CoV‐2 | Arizona State University | |
| Plasmid‐driven production of VLPs containing S, M, N and E proteins of SARS‐CoV‐2 | SARS‐CoV‐2 | Arizona State University | |
| VLP with RCB | SARS‐CoV‐2 | Berna Biotech Pharma | |
| A vaccine booster for COVID‐19 (CoVEG) | SARS‐CoV‐2 | ExcepGen |
Source: Adapted from WHO. 101
Abbreviations: CMV, cytomegalovirus; E, envelope; GBM, glioblastoma; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; M, membrane; N, nucleocapsid; RBD, receptor‐binding domain; RCB, Reference Cell Bank; S, spike; VLP, virus‐like particle.