TABLE 1.
Summary of the main characteristics of the reviewed studies
| Reference | Sampling date | Sampling environment: microenvironment | Sampler | Collection mechanism | Volume of air sampled | Airflow rate | Duration of sampling | Sampling collection medium | RNA detected | SARS‐CoV‐2 viability |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chang et al. (2020) 2 | December, 2019 | Hospital: airborne infection isolation rooms | SAS Super ISO 180 model 86 834 (VWR International) with modification as previously described Cheng et al. (2019) 156 , Cheng et al. (2019) 157 | Cyclone | 1 m3 | 180 L/min | 5.5 min | Viral transport medium (VTM)a | No | NA |
| Kim et al. (2020) 115 | April, 2020 | Hospital: airborne infection isolation rooms | Airport MD8 (Sartorius) | Impactor | 1 m3 | 50 L/min | 20 min | Gelatin membrane filter | No | NA |
| Di Carlo et al. (2020) 101 | May, 2020 | Non‐healthcare setting: Inside a trolleybus | HE BASIC PLUS (AMS Analitica) | Filter | 18.72 m3 | 24 L/min | 6.5 h | Microbiological gelatin membrane of 80 mm diameter | No | NA |
| Li et al. (2020) 116 | February–March, 2020 | Hospital: intensive care unit (ICU) ward, general isolation wards, fever clinic, storage room for medical waste, conference rooms and the public area | BIO‐Capturer‐6 (Bioenrichment Co.) | Impinger | 2.4 m3 | 80 L/min | 30 min | Phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and magnetic beads | No | NA |
| Lane et al. (2020) 64 | Not mentioned | Hospital: patient room, bathroom, and anteroom | NIOSH BC 251 (NIOSH, CDC), connected with a 6.35‐mm Tygon tubing to an air sampling pump (PCXR‐4, 8SKC) | Cyclone | 1.26 m3 | 3.5 L/min | 6 h | VTM a | No | NA |
| Faridi et al. (2020) 106 | March, 2020 | Hospital: patient rooms | Standard midget impinger (SKC) | Impinger | 0.09 m3 | 1.5 L/min | 1 h | Dulbecco's minimal essential medium (DMEM) with 100 μg/ml streptomycin, 100 U/ml penicillin and 1% antifoam reagent (isoamyl alcohol) | No | NA |
| Ong et al. (2020) 117 | January–February, 2020 | Hospital: airborne infection isolation rooms (in the room, anteroom and outside the room) | Universal pumps with 37‐mm filter cassettes (SKC) | Filter | 1.2 m3 | 5 L/min | 4 h | 0.3‐μm polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) filters | No | NA |
| Airport MD8 (Sartorius) | Impactor | And 1.5 m3 respectively | 6 m3/h | 15 min | Gelatin membrane filter | No | NA | |||
| Wei et al. (2020b) 158 | April, 2020 | Hospital: patient's rooms and toilet area | FSC‐1 V (Honri Airclea Technology Co. Ltd.) | Impactor | 1.5 m3 | 100 L/min | 15 min | 0.22‐um pore‐size filter membranes | No | NA |
| Wu et al. (2020) 112 | Not mentioned | Hospital: general isolation wards, intensive care unit (ICU), fever clinic, clinical laboratory, office areas, and restrooms | Petri dishes | Natural sedimentation (Passive sampling) | NA | NA | Not mentioned | Viral transport mediuma | No | NA |
| Ahn et al. (2020) | Not mentioned | Hospital: isolation rooms | BioSampler (SKC) | Impinger | 0.25 m3 | 12.5 L/min | 20 min | Phosphate buffered saline (PBS) | No | NA |
| Swab sampler previously reported by Kim et al. (2019) 154 | Filter | 0.2 m3 | 10 L/min | 20 min | Phosphate buffered saline (PBS) | No | NA | |||
| Cheng et al. (2020) 114 | January–April, 2020 | Hospital: airborne infection isolation rooms | MD8 Airscan (Sartorius) | Impactor | 1 m3 | 50 L/min | 20 min | Sterile gelatin filters (80 mm in diameter and 3 μm pore size, type 17 528‐80‐ACD) | No | NA |
| Nakamura et al. (2020) | January–February, 2020 | Hospital: negative pressure bays, negative pressure room in a general ward and single negative pressure room in an isolation ward. | MD8 Airscan (Sartorius) | Impactor | 1 m3 | 50 L/min | 20 min | Sterile gelatin filters (80 mm diameter and 3 mm pores) | No | NA |
| Wei et al. (2020) 118 | March, 2020 | Hospital: patient rooms, toilets, and a negative pressure room | FSC‐1 V (Honri Airclea Technology Co. Ltd.) with 0.22 μm filter membranes | Impactor | 1.5 m3 | 100 L/min | 15 min | Nutrient agar (Hopebiol) | No | NA |
| Song et al. (2020) 121 | February, 2020 | Hospital: airborne infection isolation rooms | PNS 16 T‐3.1 (Derenda) | Filter | 1.5 m3 | 1.5 m3/h | 1.5 h | 46 mm membrane filter | No | NA |
| Morioka et al. (2020) 122 | Not mentioned | Hospital: negative‐pressure room and its associated bathrooms | MD8 airscan (Sartorius) | Impactor | 1 m3 | 50 L/min | 20 min | Sterile gelatin filters (80 mm diameter and 3‐mm pores) | No | NA |
| Masoumbeigi et al. (2020) 123 | Not mentioned | Hospital: selected wards for COVID‐19 patients, including Emergency, bedridden, ICU, CT‐SCAN and laundry wards | All‐glass impinger (AGI) | Impinger | 0.1‐1 m3 | 5 and 40 L/min | 20 and 15 min | Transmitting mediaa | No | NA |
| Declementi et al. (2020) 124 | 6 | Hospital: COVID‐19 non‐ICU of a Trauma Center | SKC Filter pumps (SKC) | Filter | 90 m3 | 15 L/min | 340 min | 47 mm filter cassettes and 0.45 μm polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) filters | No | NA |
| Ong et al. (2020) 117 | January–February, 2020 | Hospital: airborne infection isolation rooms (in the room, anteroom and outside the room) | Universal pumps with 37‐mm filter cassettes (SKC) | Filter | 1.2 m3 | 5 L/min | 4 h | 0.3‐μm polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) filters | No | NA |
| Airport MD8 (Sartorius) | Impactor | 1.5 m3 | 6 m3/h | 15 min | Gelatin membrane filter | No | NA | |||
| Lane et al. (2021) 63 | Not mentioned | Hospital: nursing stations in intensive care units (ICUs), family/visitor corridors outside of ICUs, and medical unit patient room hallways | NIOSH BC 251 (NIOSH, CDC), connected with a 6.35‐mm Tygon tubing to an air sampling pump (PCXR‐4, SKC) | Cyclone | 1.26 m3 | 3.5 L/min | 6 h | VTMa (Copan UTM) or phosphate buffered saline (PBS) | No | NA |
| Dumont‐Leblond et al. (2021) 125 | Spring, 2020 | Healthcare facilities: long‐term care facilities | IOM Sampler (SKC) attached to a portable pump Gillian Air 5 (Gillian) | Filter | 0.72 m3 | 3 L/min | 4 h | 3 μm gelatin filters (Sartorius Stedim Biotech) | No | NA |
| Conte et al. (2021) 75 | November–December, 2020 | Non‐healthcare indoor community environments: train station, supermaket, canteen, shopping centre, hair salon, pharmacy | Quartz fiber filters (47 mm diameter) in Skypost PM‐TCR (Tecora), and Zambelli Explorer Plus | Filter | 27.9 and 44.4 m3 | 38.3, 61.7, and 38.3 L/min | 12 h during the day and 12 h during the night | Quartz fiber filters (Whatman, 47 mm in diameter), pre‐fired at 400°C in a muffle furnace | No | NA |
| Vosoughi et al. (2021) 126 | Not mentioned | Hospital: COVID‐19 wards, laboratory, CT, emergency, ICU | An impinger connected to a pump | Impinger | ~1.4 m3 | 28 L/min | ~50–60 min | 15 ml of DMEM, 10 000 units/ml of penicillin, 10 000 μg/ml of streptomycin, and 25 μg/ml of fungizone (amphotericin B) | No | NA |
| Pivato et al. (2021) 69 | February–March, 2020 | Outdoor: public spaces | Quartz filters using low‐volume sampling setting according to the European standard EN 12341:2014 | Filter | 55.2 m3 | 2.3 m3/h | 24 h | Quartz fiber filters (47 mm Ø, Whatman QMA, GE Healthcare) | No | NA |
| Chui et al. (2021) 127 | February–March, 2020 | Non‐healthcare setting: poorly ventilated accommodation room | Coriolis μ (Bertin Technologies) | Cyclone | 9 m3 | 300 L/min | 30 min | VTMa | No | NA |
| Chirizzi et al. (2021) 49 | May, 2020 | Outdoor: public spaces | Skypost PM‐TCR Tecora equipped with a sequential sampler (Charlie) | Filter | 110 m3 | 38.3 L/min | 48 h each sample, total of 6 days | Quartz fiber filters | No | Not studied |
| 110 MOUDI | Impactor | 259.2 m3 | 30 L/min | 6 days | Quartz fiber filters | No | Not studied | |||
| SWAM 5a Dual Channel Monitor (FAI In‐struments) | Impactor | 328.32 m3 | 38 L/min | 6 days | Quartz fiber filters | No | Not studied | |||
| 120 MOUDI‐II™ | Impactor | 259.2 m3 | 30 L/min | 6 days | Quartz fiber filters | No | Not studied | |||
| Razzini et al. (2020) 128 | May, 2020 | Hospital: COVID‐19 ward | Airport MD8 (Sartorius) | Impactor | 2 m3 | 50 L/min | 40 min | Gelatin membrane filter | Yes | Not studied |
| Setti et al. (2020) 71 | February–March, 2020 | Outdoors: industrial area of Bergamo (Italy) | Low‐volume gravimetric air samplerb, compliant with the reference method EN12341:2014 for PM10 monitoring | Filter | 55 m3 | 38.3 L/min | 24 h | Quartz fiber filters | Yes | Not studied |
| Ge et al. (2020) 62 | Not mentioned | Hospital: hemodialysis room, general fever clinic, COVID‐19 respiratory investigation ward, ward of confirmed intensive care patients | NIOSH BC 251 (NIOSH, CDC) with air pumps (XR5000, SKC) | Cyclone | 0.105 m3 | 3.5 L/min | 30 min | Minimal essential medium (MEM) containing 1% bovine serum albumin | Yes | Not studied |
| Liu et al. (2020) 77 | February–March, 2020 |
Hospital: patient areas, medical staff areas, pharmacy, outpatient hall and outdoors. Other public and private areas: community checkpoint, residential building, supermarket |
25 mm diameter filters loaded into styrene filter cassettes (SKC) using a portable pump (APEX2, Casella) | Filter | 1.5–6.0 m3 | Not mentioned | 5–20 h, and 7 days for deposition samples | Presterilized gelatin filters with pore size 3 μm (Sartorius) | Yes | Not studied |
| Miniature cascade impactor (Sioutas Impactor, SKC) loaded with four impaction stages | Impactor | 8.9 m3 | Not mentioned | 5–20 h | Presterilized gelatin filters with pore size 3 μm (Sartorius) | Yes | Not studied | |||
| Aerosol deposition (passive sampling) | Natural sedimentation (Passive sampling) | NA | NA | 7 days | Not mentioned | Yes | Not studied | |||
| Kenarkoohi et al. (2020) 129 | May, 2020 | Hospital: ICU, ICU entrance hall, hospital entrance hall, laboratory ward, CT scan, radiology, men and woman internal ward, and emergency ward | Liquid‐phase sampler (SKC) | Impinger | 2.16 m3 | 12 L/min | 3 h | 13.38 g/L of DMEM, 1.50 g/L NaHCO3, 2 g/L bovine serum albumin with 100 μg/ml streptomycin, 100 U ml penicillin and 970 ml distilled water | Yes | Not studied |
| Chia et al. (2020) 59 | Not mentioned | Hospital: airborne infection isolation rooms | NIOSH BC 251 (NIOSH, CDC) | Cyclone | 5.04 m3 | 3.5 L/min | 4 h | Not mentioned | Yes | Not studied |
| 37 mm PTFE filter cassettes connected to universal air sampling pumps (SKC) | Filter | 1.2 m3 | 5 L/min | 4 h | 37 mm PTFE filter | No | Not studied | |||
| Lei et al. (2020) 66 | Not mentioned | Hospital: ICU and isolation wards | NIOSH BC 251 (NIOSH, CDC) | Cyclone | 0.84 m3 | 3.5 L/min | 4 h | VTMa | Yes | Not studied |
| WA‐15 (Beijing DingBlue Technology) | Cyclone | 0.42 m3 | 14 L/min | 30 min | VTMa | Yes | Not studied | |||
| Mouchtouri et al. (2020) 130 | Not mentioned | Non‐healthcare setting: Ferryboat | Airport MD8 (Sartorius) | Impactor | 0.5 m3 | 50 L/min | 10 min | Gelatin membrane filters of 80 mm diameter (Sartorius 17 528–80‐ ACD). Filters were the placed in a 50 ml conical tube filled with ¼ strength Ringer's solution | Yes | Not studied |
| Guo et al. (2020) 131 | February–March, 2020 | Hospital: intensive care unit (ICU) and a general COVID‐19 ward | SASS 2300 (Research International) | Cyclone | 9 m3 | 300 L/min | 30 min | VTM a | Yes | Not studied |
| Santarpia et al. (2021) 76 | April, 2020 | Hospital: acuity wards | NIOSH BC 251 (NIOSH, CDC) | Cyclone | 0.1 m3 | 3.5 L/min | 30 min | Gelatin filter (Sartorius, GmbH) | Yes | Yes |
| Jin et al. (2021) 132 | March, 2020 | Hospital: isolation room and staff personal protective equipment (PPE) dressing room in the intensive care unit (ICU) | WA‐400 (DingBlue Technology) | Impinger | 6 m3 | 400 L/min | 15 min | VTMa | Yes | Not studied |
| Feng et al. (2021) 61 | February–March, 2020 | Hospital: isolation wards | NIOSH BC 251 (NIOSH, CDC) | Cyclone | 0.105 m3 | 3.5 L/ min | 30 min | Not mentioned | Yes | Not studied |
| Hadei et al. (2021) 133 | June–July, 2020 | Non‐healthcare setting: Public places and public transport: bank, shopping center, post office, airport, subway station, subway train, bus | Universal PCXR4 SKC pump (SKC) with filter | Filter | From 0.2 to 0.24 m3 | 3.5 L/min | 1–1.5 h, depending on the site's limitations | Glass fiber filters (diameter = 2 cm) | Yes | Not studied |
| AV1000 sampler (China) | Filter | From 1.27 to 3.496 m3 | 40 L/min | 1–1.5 h, depending on the site's limitations | PTFE filters (diameter = 9 cm, pore size = 0.2 μm) | Yes | Not studied | |||
| Zhou et al. (2021) 105 | Not mentioned | Hospital: corridors, hospital waste storage rooms, intensive care unit (ICU) rooms, toilets, medical preparation rooms, clinical observation rooms, and general wards | WA‐15 (Dinglan Technology) | Impinger | 0.6 m3 | 15 L/min | 40 min | Virus collection liquid (Jiangsu Kangjian Medical Supply) | Yes | Not studied |
| WA‐400 (Ding Blue Technology) | Impinger | 16 m3 | 400 L/min | 40 min | Virus collection liquid (Jiangsu Kangjian Medical Supply) | Yes | Not studied | |||
| Passos et al. (2021) 78 | March, 2020 | Hospitals: COVID‐19 dedicated facilities and non‐COVID‐19 areas | Portable low flow sampler (CRIFFER) | Filter | 1.1–96 m3 | 2.5 L/min | Variable, depending on the location | 37 mm diameter filter loaded into a styrene filter cassette (SKC) | No | Not studied |
| AIR IDEAL® 3P® (bioMérieux) | Impactor | 2 m3 | Not mentioned | Variable, depending on the location | 65 mm diameter filter on an adapted perforated plate inside | Yes | Not studied | |||
| Airport MD8 (Sartorius) | Impactor | 2 m3 | Not mentioned | Variable, depending on the location | 80 mm diameter gelatin filter | No | Not studied | |||
| HANDI‐VOL (Energética) | Filter | Not mentioned | 150 L/min | Variable, depending on the location | 100 mm diameter filter | No | Not studied | |||
| 821 T (Fisatom) | Filter | 1.1–96 m3 | 18 L/min | Variable, depending on the location | 37 mm diameter filter | No | Not studied | |||
| Petri dishes | Natural sedimentation (Passive sampling) | NA | NA | ~1 week | 90 mm diameter quartz microfiber filter (ϕ = 0.3 μm, Whatman®) | Yes | Not studied | |||
| Non‐healthcare setting: sidewalks near the hospitals, outdoor outpatient hall, open car parking near hospitals and at a bus station | HVS (AGV, Energética) | Impactor | 1.1 m3–96 m3 | 1130 L/min | Variable, depending on the location | 100 mm diameter filter | No | Not studied | ||
| Ding et al. (2021) 134 | February, 2020 | Hospital: 4 isolation rooms, a nursing station, a corridor, an air‐conditioning system, and other spaces in the airborne infectious‐disease zone. | Andersen one‐stage viable impactor – QuickTake‐30 (SKC) | Impactor | 0.3 m3 | 10 L/min | 30 min | Gibco cell culture medium | No | Not studied |
| Airport MD8 (Sartorius) | Impactor | 1 m3 | 50 L/min | 20 min | Water‐soluble gel film | No | Not studied | |||
| ASE‐100 (Langsi Medical Technology) | Not mentioned | 10 m3 | 500 L/min | 20 min | Biological aerosol special‐collection liquid | Yes | Not studied | |||
| WA‐15 (Dinglan Technology) | Impinger | 0.42 m3 | 14 L/min | 30 min | Youkang virus‐sampling kit | No | Not studied | |||
| Amato‐Lourenço et al. (2021) 135 | September–October, 2020 | Hospital: COVID‐19 ward and ICU, non‐COVID‐19 ICU and autopsy room. | MiniVol™ TAS (Air Metrics, Innovative Air Sampling Equipment) | Filter | 2.4 m3 | 5 L/min | 8 h | Polycarbonate filters of 47‐mm diameter and 0.4‐μm pores (Millipore®) | Yes | Not studied |
| López et al. (2021) 67 | Not mentioned | Hospital: Emergency area, Internal medicine, COVID area and COVID‐19 patients care room. | Filters of 25 mm diameter with 0.22 mm pores (Millipore, AAWP02500), placed in a sterilized filter holder (Millipore, SWINNX) coupled to a vacuum system | Filter | 1.7 m3 | 9.6 L/min | 3 h | Filters of 25 mm diameter with 0.22 mm pores | Yes | Not studied |
| Habibi et al. (2021) 73 | Not mentioned | Hospital: waiting area near pharmacy, main entrance, pediatric casualty, laboratory, COVID isolation area, COVID ward, Cytology laboratory, Virology laboratory, corridor, reception area; Non healthcare setting: outdoor. | A specialized sampler developed for this purpose which utilizes a variable speed suction pump (Tisch, Environmental International) with a flow controller that allows air to pass through 3 gas wash bottles Habibi et al. 73 | Impinger | 3.6 m3 | 30 L/min | 2 h | TRIzol® | Yes | Not studied |
| Ma et al. (2021) 103 | Not mentioned | Hospital and quarantine hotel environments: corridor, hotel room, hospital CT room, ICU, toilet, Emergency room, clinical observation room, and hospital ward. | WA‐15 (Dinglan Technology) | Impinger | 0.6 m3 | 15 L/min | 40 min | 3 ml virus culture liquid (MT0301) (Yocon Biology Inc.) | Yes | Not studied |
| WA‐400 (DingBlue Technology) | Impinger | 16 m3 | 400 L/min | 40 min | 3 ml virus culture liquid (MT0301) (Yocon Biology Inc.) | No | Not studied | |||
| Stern et al. (2021) 50 , 72 | April–May, 2020 | Hospital dedicated to COVID‐19: negative and ambient‐pressure ICU, rooms of symptomatic and asympromatic patients, nurses' workstation and lockers' room, bathrooms, observation rooms and outside gates. | Custom‐designed Harvard Micro‐Environmental Cascade Impactor Demokritou et al. (2002) 155 | Impactor | 14.4 m3 | 5 L/min | 48 h | Large particles (>10.0 μm) and coarse particles (10.0–2.5 μm) are collected on polyurethane foam (PUF) impaction substrates. Fine particles (≤2.5 μm) are collected on a 37‐mm glass fiber filter | Yes | Not studied |
| Hemati et al. (2021) 136 | July–August, 2020 | Hospital: infectious wards, ICU, pediatric ward, radiology, CT scan, emergency ward, respiratory patients' clinic, laundry, toilet of COVID‐19 patients, and PPE rooms of staff. | Standard midget impinger (SKC) | Impinger | 0.48 m3 | 2 L/min | 4 h | VTM a | Yes | Not studied |
| Baboli et al. (2021) 137 | July–August, 2020 | Hospital: COVID‐19 infectious and ICU wards. | Standard Petri dishes with 8 mm diameter | Natural sedimentation (passive sampling) | NA | NA | 30 min | 5 ml of DMEM or 5 ml normal saline liquid | Yes | Not studied |
| Glass impinger (AGI) connected to SKC universal air pump | Impinger | 0.12 m3 | 4 L/min | 30 min | 5 ml of DMEM or normal saline liquid | Yes | Not studied | |||
| SKC universal air pump with 37 mm and 0.3 μm pore size PFTE filter | Filter | Not mentioned | 4 L/min | NA | 5 ml of DMEM or normal saline liquid | Yes | Not studied | |||
| Quick Take 30 pump kit (SKC) | Filter | Not mentioned | 4 L/min | NA | 5 ml of DMEM or normal saline liquid | Yes | Not studied | |||
| Moreno et al. (2021) 138 | May–July, 2020 | Non‐healthcare setting: Public transports (buses and subway trains) | 47 mm Teflon filters with PEM (Personal Environmental Monitor) | Filter | ~55.4 m3 | 10 L/min | 9–10 h | 47 mm Teflon filters | Yes | Not studied |
| Semelka et al. (2021) 139 | April–May, 2020 | Hospital: COVID‐19 patient rooms | Andersen air sampler | Impactor | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | VTMa | Yes | Not studied |
| Liu et al. (2021) 74 | February–March, 2020 | Hospital: contaminated areas including ICU wards, general wards, clinical lab, radiological examination, and clean area. | WB‐15 (DINGBLUE TECH) | Based on the combination of cyclone separation and impact | 0.56 m3 | 14 L/min | 40 min | Virus protection solution a | Yes | Not studied |
| Capeyron et al. (2021) 140 | April–May, 2021 | Hospital: COVID‐19 patients' rooms | AIR IDEAL® 3P® (bioMérieux) | Impactor | 0.5 m3 | Not mentioned | 5 min | 90‐mm Muellere Hinton agar Petri dish | Yes | Not studied |
| Ang et al. (2021) 141 | Not mentioned | Hospital: COVID‐19 isolation ward and open‐cohort wards. | SASS 3100 air samplers (Research International) | Filter | 24 and 72 m3 | 50 and 150 L/min | 8 h | 44 mm diameter SASS bioaerosol filter (polyester, Research International) with two different pore sizes. | Yes | Not studied |
| Stern et al. (2021) 50 , 72 | April–May, 2020 | Hospital: outside negative‐pressure COVID‐19 wards, hospital ward not involved in COVID‐19 patient care, and emergency department | Custom‐designed Harvard Micro‐Environmental Cascade Impactor Demokritou et al. (2002) | Impactor | 14.4 m3 | 5 L/min | Not mentioned | Large particles (>10.0 μm) and coarse particles (10.0–2.5 μm) are collected on polyurethane foam (PUF) impaction substrates. Fine particles (≤2.5 μm) are collected on a 37‐mm glass fiber filter | Yes | Not studied |
| Ghaffari et al. (2021) 63 | November–December, 2020 | Hospital: four sections of ICU including the patient section, nurse station, rest room and doorway. | ESPS LVM Model (Fanpava) | Filter | 24.04 m3 | 16.7 L/min | 24 h | PTFE membrane filters with a pore size of 0.3 μm | Yes | Not studied |
| Bazzazpour et al. (2021) 142 | August–December, 2020 | Healthcare facility: dental clinic | AV1000 sampler (China) | Filter | 6.96 m3 | 30–58 L/ min | 1–2 h | PTFE, diameter = 9 cm, pore size = 0.2 μm | Yes | Not studied |
| Sousan et al. (2021) 143 | April, 2021 | Non‐healthcare setting: Student dormitories | Filter cassettes (SKC) | Filter | 7.2 m3 | 5 L/min | 24 h | 37‐mm filters | No | Not studied |
| Button sampler (SKC) | Filter | 5.76 m3 | 4 L/min | 24 h | 25‐mm filters | Yes | Not studied | |||
| BioSampler (SKC) | Impinger | 0.37–1.12 m3 | 12.5 L/min | 30–90 min | PBS solution | Yes | Not studied | |||
| AerosolSense sampler (ThermoFisher Scientific) | Filter | 288 m3 | 200 L/min | 24 h | Sample cartridge | Yes | Not studied | |||
| Di Carlo et al. (2021) 101 | April–June, 2020 | Hospital: isolation room | MD8 Airscan (Sartorius) | Impactor | 1.5 m3 | 50 L/min | 30 min | Gelatin membrane filter (80 mm diameter) | Yes | Not studied |
| Akin et al. (2021) 144 | Not mentioned | Healthcare facility: dental clinic | Glass petri dishes | Natural sedimentation (Passive sampling) | NA | NA | Not mentioned | 3 ml of VTMa | Yes | Not studied |
| Nannu Shankar et al. (2022) 145 | Not mentioned | Non‐healthcare setting: residential rooms of infected people | Airport MD8 (Sartorius) | Impactor | 1 m3 | 50 L/min | 20 min | Gelatin membranes (3.0 mm filtration cut‐off) | Yes | Not studied |
| Silva et al. (2022) 146 | January–February, 2020 | Hospital: COVID‐19 areas including ICU, intermediate ICU, nursing area and testing room, and non‐COVID‐19 areas including respiratory diseases observation room, waiting room, clinical decision unit, urgent care (recovery), entrance atrium and staff cafeteria. | Coriolis μ (Bertin Technologies) | Cyclone | 1 m3, 2 m3, 3 m3 | 100, 200 and 300 L/min | 10 min | 4 ml of PBS | Yes | Not studied |
| Coriolis Compact (Bertin Technologies) | Cyclone | 3 m3 | 50 L/min | 60 min | 4 ml of PBS | Yes | Not studied | |||
| Dunker et al. 60 | Not mentioned | Outdoor: public spaces | Volumetric pollen trap (Hirst‐type trap, Burkhard Manufacturing Co Ltd.) | Other: volumeric pollen trap | ~216 m3 | ~10 L/min | 15 days | 200 μl D‐PBS‐buffer (w/o calcium, w/o magnesium; Biowest) | No | Not studied |
| Cyclone trap (Burkhard Manufacturing Co Ltd.) | Cyclone | ~151.2 m3 | ~15 L/min | 7 days | 200 μl D‐PBS‐buffer (w/o calcium, w/o magnesium; Biowest) | No | Not studied | |||
| Moore et al. (2021) 147 | March–May, 2020 | Hospital: negative pressure isolation rooms, neutral pressure side rooms, ICU, high‐dependency unit (HDU) open cohorts and non‐ICU cohort bays | Coriolis μ (Bertin Technologies) | Cyclone | 3 m3 | 300 L/min | 10 min | 15 ml RNase‐free PBS | Yes | Not studied |
| Airport MD8 (Sartorius) | Impactor | 0.5 m3 | 50 L/min | 10 min | Gelatin membrane filter | No | Not studied | |||
| Santarpia et al. (2020) 48 | Not mentioned | Hospital: patient rooms and hallways of the Biocontainment Unit and Quarantine Unit | Airport MD8 (Sartorius) | Impactor | 0.75 m3 | 50 L/min | 15 min | 80 mm gelatin filters | Yes | Evidence |
| Personal Button Samplers (SKC) with Air Check pumps (SKC) | Filter | 0.06 m3 | 4 L/min | 15 min | 25 mm gelatin filters | Yes | No | |||
| Lednicky et al. (2020) 45 | Not mentioned | Hospital: room of a COVID‐19 ward | A prototype VIVAS Lednicky et al. (2020) 79 ; Lednicky et al. (2020) 45 ), and a BioSpot‐VIVAS BSS300P, which is a commercial version of the VIVAS (Aerosol Devices.) | Water‐based condensation | 1.44 m3 | 8 L/min | 3 h | 1.5 ml of 1× PBS with 0.5% (w/v) bovine albumin fraction V and a final concentration of 0.2 M sucrose | Yes | Yes |
| Lednicky et al. (2021) 47 | Not mentioned | Hospital Environment | VIVAS (Aerosol Devices) | Water‐based condensation | 0.93 m3 | 6.5 L/min | 1 h | 1.5 ml of 1x PBS with 0.5% (w/v) bovine albumin fraction V and a final concentration of 0.2 M sucrose | Yes | Yes |
| Dumont‐Leblond et al. (2020) 148 | Not mentioned | Hospital: an adapted ward dedicated to patients with non‐severe COVID‐19 | IOM Sampler (SKC), connected to the medical vacuum using a regulator (Genstar Technologies) | Filter | 2.4 m3, 3.6 m3, 10.8 m3 | 10 L/min | 4, 6, or 18 h | 3 μm gelatin filters (Sartorius), solubilized in VTM or DMEM +10% FBS | Yes | No |
| 37 mm cassette with 0.8 μm polycarbonate filters (PC; SKC), connected to the medical vacuum using a regulator (Genstar Technologies) | Filter | 2.4 m3, 3.6 m3, 10.8 m3 | 10 L/min | 4, 6, or 18 h | 2 ml or 3 ml of VTM directly introduced in the 37 mm cassettes with a transfer pipet and ejected by the pressurizing action of a 50 ml empty syringe at the opposite opening of the cassette | Yes | No | |||
| SASS 3100 (Research International) | Filter | 4.5 m3 | 300 L/min | 15 min | SASS® 3010 particle extrator with 5 ml of extraction buffer (138 mM sodium chloride, 2.7 mM potassium chloride, 0.05% Triton X‐100, <0.1% sodium azide, 10 mM sodium phosphate) | No | No | |||
| Yamagishi et al. (2020) 149 | February, 2020 | Non‐healthcare setting: cabins in a cruise ship | Airport MD8 (Sartorius) | Impactor | 1 m3 | 50 L/min | 20 min | Special gelatin filter (type 175, Sartorius; T1 phage capture rate, 99.99%; effective filtration area, 38.5 cm2) | No | No |
| Binder et al. (2020) 58 | April–May, 2020 | Hospital: COVID‐19 patients' rooms | NIOSH BC 251 (NIOSH, CDC) | Cyclone | 0.84 m3 | 3.5 L/min | 4 h | Not mentioned | Yes | No |
| Ben‐Shmuel et al. (2020) 150 | Not mentioned | Hospital: COVID‐19 isolation units | MD8 Airscan (Sartorius) | Impactor | 1 m3 | 50 L /min | 20 min | Gelatine membranes (3.0 mm filtration cut‐off) | Yes | No |
| Ong et al. (2021) 68 | Not mentioned | Hospital: airborne‐infection isolation rooms and a community isolation facility | BioSpot‐VIVAS BSS300‐P (Aerosol Devices) | Water‐based condensation | Not mentioned | 8 L/min | Not mentioned | Liquid collection mediuma | Yes | No |
| NIOSH BC 251 (NIOSH, CDC), connected to SKC AirChek TOUCH Pumps (SKC) | Cyclone | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Liquid collection mediuma | Yes | No | |||
| Zhou et al. (2021) 151 | April, 2020 | Hospital: emergency department, admissions ward, COVID‐19 cohort wards, theaters during tracheostomy procedures, ICU, a 6‐bedded bay converted into a negative pressure area for management of continuous positive airway pressure on patients with COVID‐19, and a public area of the hospital. | Coriolis μ (Bertin Technologies) | Cyclone | 1 m3 | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | 5 ml of DMEM | Yes | No |
| Barbieri et al. (2021) 152 | June, 2020 | Hospital: main corridor of COVID‐19 ward | SILENT Air Sampler (FAI Instruments S.r.l.) on quartz filters | Filter | 14.4 m3 | 10 L/min | 24 h | Quartz fiber filters (prefired 47 mm diameter Pallflex, Pall Corporation) | Yes | No |
| Mallach et al. (2021) 153 | September, 2020 to January, 2021 | Hospital rooms, long‐term care facility rooms, penitentiary cells and personal residences housing COVID‐19 residents. | Ultrasonic Personal Air Samplers (UPAS), with 10 μm selective inlet | Filter | 1.92 m3 | Not mentioned | 16 h | Sterile 37 mm gelatin filter pads (12602‐37‐ALK, Sartorius, DE) | Yes | No |
| Ultrasonic Personal Air Samplers (UPAS), with 2.5 μm selective inlet | Filter | 1.92 m3 | Not mentioned | 16 h | Sterile 37 mm gelatin filter pads (12602‐37‐ALK, Sartorius, DE) | Yes | No | |||
| Coriolis μ (Bertin Technologies) | Cyclone | 1.5 m3 | Not mentioned | 10 min | VTM (Corning 25‐500‐CM) | Yes | No | |||
| Robie et al. (2021) 70 | October 2020–January 2021 | Non‐healthcare setting: patients' houses | NIOSH BC 251 (NIOSH, CDC) | Cyclone | ~0.42 m3 | 3.5 L/min | ~2 h | Not mentioned | Yes | No |
| SKC BioSamplers (SKC) | Impinger | ~1.5 m3 | 12.5 L/min | ~2 h | 16 ml phosphate‐ buffered saline (PBS) and 0.5% bovine serum albumin (BSA) for the BioSampler | Yes | No | |||
| Lednicky et al. (2021) 46 | Not mentioned | Non‐healthcare setting: inside a car | Sioutas Personal Cascade impactor sampler (PCIS) with a Leland Legacy pump (SKC) | Impactor | Not mentioned | 9 L/min | Not mentioned | PTFE filters. PCIS filters were then immersed in 1 recovery solution (PBS with 0.5% w/v BSA fraction V and 0.2 M sucrose) | Yes | Yes |
a
The viral transport medium was not specified.
b
The sampler model was not specified.