Table 3.
Levels of chemokines in elderly patients with AF and different adverse clinical events.
| Chemokine | Control | Arterial thrombosis | AF related venous thromboembolism | Major bleeding | p | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 30) | (n = 23) | (n = 15) | (n = 12) | ||||||
| IL-6, pg/ml | 4.98 | (3.05–10.49) | 9.21 | (3.75–20.82) | 13.86 | (7.36–21.81) | 39.78 | (10.06–182.96) | <0.001 |
| IL-10, pg/ml | 3.73 | (3.24–4.78) | 4.52 | (3.98–6.64) | 4.75 | (3.28–7.35) | 6.31 | (4.01–15.00) | 0.01 |
| VCAM-1, ng/ml | 358.53 | (292.39–474.19) | 438.93 | (282.19–463.42) | 468.53 | (325.93–561.71) | 643.97 | (374.09–1079.54) | 0.02 |
| CCL19, pg/ml | 95.25 | (66.70–109.48) | 106.21 | (76.52–133.43) | 99.41 | (72.17–143.85) | 132.18 | (97.36–196.46) | 0.03 |
| BCA-1, pg/ml | 5.54 | (3.96–9.18) | 6.31 | (4.34–10.11) | 6.55 | (5.06–13.86) | 9.41 | (54.61–5.68) | 0.04 |
| IL-4, pg/ml | 0.01 | (0.01–0.17) | 0.19 | (0.01–1.90) | 0.53 | (0.02–1.67) | 0.17 | (0.01–0.93) | 0.04 |
| E-selectin, ng/ml | 8.59 | (5.62–13.06) | 9.94 | (5.92–12.76) | 5.34 | (3.74–11.79) | 15.52 | (8.37–21.94) | 0.04 |
| Fractalkine, ng/ml | 32.16 | (24.51–37.63) | 34.14 | (27.28–45.05) | 35.24 | (24.96–44.69) | 51.12 | (32.18–101.47) | 0.05 |
| CXCL12, pg/ml | 2.32 | (1.57–4.48) | 2.84 | (1.85–6.52) | 3.91 | (2.80–10.49) | 4.16 | (3.04–9.23) | 0.05 |
| GCP2, pg/ml | 22.22 | (16.42–33.03) | 23.93 | (20.24–28.40) | 25.81 | (23.71–28.95) | 32.07 | (25.39–45.66) | 0.05 |
| MCP-1, pg/ml | 73.27 | (51.28–93.71) | 74.43 | (56.64–92.80) | 71.53 | (64.98–98.77) | 124.82 | (80.63–193.93) | 0.06 |
| PF4, ng/ml | 6.62 | (0.44) | 6.49 | (0.68) | 6.65 | (0.42) | 7.04 | (1.23) | 0.08 |
| IP-10, pg/ml | 36.34 | (25.66–50.51) | 33.16 | (24.17–49.65) | 40.79 | (36.42–73.35) | 48.82 | (38.67–59.12) | 0.11 |
| TNF-alpha, pg/ml | 0.13 | (0.01–0.57) | 0.37 | (0.01–1.03) | 0.01 | (0.01–1.57) | 0.31 | (0.01–1.12) | 0.12 |
| I-TAC, pg/ml | 6.16 | (4.26–15.60) | 6.01 | (4.57–9.47) | 6.92 | (4.10–16.77) | 6.59 | (3.72–15.61) | 0.12 |
| MIG, ng/ml | 0.28 | (0.08) | 0.27 | (0.07) | 0.28 | (0.10) | 0.34 | (0.11) | 0.14 |
| ICAM-1, ng/ml | 282.25 | (113.22) | 310.42 | (156.41) | 326.69 | (134.32) | 379.35 | (160.31) | 0.17 |
| IL-2, pg/ml | 3.26 | (2.48–3.69) | 3.08 | (2.51–4.49) | 3.44 | (2.85–4.49) | 3.21 | (2.16–5.40) | 0.23 |
| IL-1beta, pg/ml | 0.02 | (0.01–0.02) | 0.02 | (0.02–0.02) | 0.02 | (0.02–0.02) | 0.02 | (0.02–2.51) | 0.27 |
| IL-8, pg/ml | 61.48 | (23.36–113.33) | 59.12 | (27.01–156.94) | 97.03 | (48.58–213.75) | 112.39 | (66.39–199.48) | 0.43 |
| NAP2, ng/ml | 18.26 | (3.29) | 17.79 | (3.94) | 16.54 | (4.68) | 18.01 | (3.67) | 0.54 |
| ENA-78, ng/ml | 1.55 | (1.03) | 1.59 | (1.08) | 1.66 | (0.83) | 1.24 | (0.86) | 0.59 |
| MIP-1alpha, pg/ml | 20.59 | (17.44–37.44) | 29.17 | (13.84–38.16) | 26.95 | (25.58–45.28) | 41.70 | (28.20–53.25) | 0.67 |
| MIP-3beta, pg/ml | 92.69 | (27.91) | 106.95 | (44.31) | 114.26 | (47.65) | 175.61 | (137.92) | 0.75 |
| P-selectin, ng/ml | 80.95 | (28.23) | 82.81 | (29.37) | 77.47 | (32.47) | 87.00 | (34.90) | 0.79 |
| TARC, pg/ml | 41.52 | (18.99–74.24) | 44.42 | (18.54–93.56) | 31.28 | (9.99–108.72) | 30.01 | (14.52–83.02) | 0.82 |
| RANTES, ng/ml | 2.34 | (0.29) | 2.24 | (0.33) | 2.38 | (0.45) | 2.75 | (1.02) | 0.84 |
AF, atrial fibrillation; IL, interleukin; VCAM-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1; CCL19, chemokine C–C-motif ligand; BCA-1, B-lymphocyte chemoattractant 1; CXCL12, C–X–C motif chemokine 12, also known as stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF1); GCP2, granulocyte chemotactic protein 2; MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; PF4, platelet factor 4; IP-10, interferon–inducible protein-10; TNF–alpha, tumor necrosis factor-alpha; I-TAC, interferon-inducible T cell alpha chemoattractant; MIG, monokine induced by interferon-r; ICAM-1; intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1; NAP2, neutrophil activating protein-2; ENA-78, epithelial neutrophil activating peptide 78; MIP, monocyte chemoattractant protein; TARC, thymus and activation–regulated chemokine; RANTES, regulated on activation normal T cell expressed and secreted. Median ± quartile: IL-6, IL-10, VCAM-1, CCL19, BCA-1, IL-4, E-selectin, fractalkine, CXCL12, GCP2, MCP-1, IP-10, TNF-alpha, I-TAC, IL-2, IL-1beta, IL-8, MIP-3beta, TARC. Mean ± standard deviation: PF4, MIG, ICAM-1, NAP2, ENA-78, MIP-1alpha, P-selectin, RANTES. Continuous variables were expressed as the median [interquartile range (IQR)] if the data were non-normally distributed, or as the mean ± standard deviation (SD; — X± SD) if the data were normally distributed (Kolmogorov-Smirnov criteria). The bold value represents p < 0.05.