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. 2022 Sep 23;9:989950. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2022.989950

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Copyright © 2022 Xu, Zhang, Shi, Chen, Shi and Yu.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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BidirectionalMendelian randomization paradigm and assumptions of aging and COVID-19. Mendelian randomization assumptions: (1)the instrument variants must be closely related to the exposure, (2) the instrument variants must be independent of any confounder of the exposure-outcome association, (3) the instrument variants must be associated with the outcome only viathe exposure.