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. 2022 Sep 23;9:989950. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2022.989950

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Copyright © 2022 Xu, Zhang, Shi, Chen, Shi and Yu.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Inverse variance weighted (IVW) method was used as the main method to analyze the causal association between aging and susceptibility and severity of COVID-19. Aging is based on epigenetic age (PhenoAge, GrimAge, Hannum, HorvathAge) and telomere length as biological indicators. Beta: risk index; Se: standard error; OR (95% CI): odds ratio (95% confidence interval); Forest plot: Visualize the causal effect of exposure on the risk of outcome by IVW method [The standard line is the line of “X = 1” (red dashed line)], The blue marker dot is a positive result of P < 0.05).