TABLE 1.
CoV and AIV hosts and number of samples positive for CoV, AIV, or both from wild birds in Shanghai in 2020–2021
| Order | Common name | Scientific name | No. of samples | AIV prevalence % (95% CI; No. of AIV+ samples/total sample no) | CoV prevalence % (95% CI; No. of CoV+ samples/total sample no) | Prevalence % of CoV and AIV co‐infection (95% CI; No. of CoV+ and AIV+ samples/total sample no) | AIV subtypes (No.) | CoV genus (No.) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anseriformes | Common Teal | Anas crecca | 390 | 25.6 (21.6–30.2; 100/390) | 18.7 (15.2–22.9; 73/390) | 7.4 (5.2–10.5; 29/390) | H5N1(21) H5N8(7) N1(7) H5(4) H4(3) H4N2(3) H6N2(3) H9N2(3) N2(3) H5N2(2) H10(1) Unknown b (43) |
γ(62) δ(11) |
| Mallard | Anas platyrhynchos | 169 | 35.5 (28.7–43.0; 60/169) | 14.2 (9.7–20.3; 24/169) | 8.9 (5.5–14.1; 15/169) | H5N8(18) H5N1(4) H5(2) N8(2) N2(2) N1(2) H5N2(1) H3N2(1) H6N2(1) H6N8(1) Unknown (26) |
γ(23) δ(1) |
|
| Spot‐billed Duck | Anas poecilorhyncha | 122 | 48.4 (40.0–57.1; 59/122) | 22.1 (15.7–30.3; 27/122) | 15.6 (10.2–23.0; 19/122) | H5N8(23) H5(7) H1N1(3) H5N1(3) N2(3) N1(2) H12N5(1) H9N2(1) H6N5(1) H10(1) Unknown (14) |
γ(27) δ(0) |
|
| Eurasian Wigeon | Anas penelope | 73 | 27.4 (18.5–38.6; 20/73) | 16.4 (9.7–26.6; 12/73) | 6.8 (3.0–15.1; 5/73) | H9N2(2) H5N1(2) H5N8(1) Unknown (15) |
γ(10) δ(2) |
|
| Northern Shoveler | Anas clypeata | 54 | 22.2 (13.2–34.9; 12/54) | 9.3 (4.0–19.9; 5/54) | 3.7 (1.0–12.5; 2/54) | H5N1(6) H5N8(1) N8(1) H10N2(1) Unknown (3) |
γ(2) δ(3) |
|
| Gadwall | Anas strepera | 37 | 24.3 (13.4–40.1; 9/37) | 18.9 (9.5–34.2; 7/37) | 5.4 (1.5–17.7; 2/37) | H5N8(3) H9N2(1) N2(1) H5N1(1) Unknown (3) |
γ(5) δ(2) |
|
| Northern Pintail | Anas acuta | 24 | 29.2 (14.9–49.2; 7/24) | 25.0 (12.0–44.9; 6/24) | 8.3 (2.3–25.8; 2/24) | H5N8(4) H3N2(1) H9N2(1) Unknown (1) |
γ(6) δ(0) |
|
| Common Pochard | Aythya ferina | 13 | 30.8 (12.7–57.6; 4/13) | 30.8 (12.7–57.6; 4/13) |
0 |
H5N8(2) Unknown (2) |
γ(3) δ(1) |
|
| Falcated Teal | Mareca falcata | 13 | 69.2 (42.4–87.3; 9/13) | 15.4 (4.3–42.2; 2/13) | 15.4 (4.3–42.2; 2/13) | H5N1(2) H9N2(1) H5N8(1) Unknown (5) |
γ(2) δ(0) |
|
| Mandarin | Aix galericulata | 12 | 41.7 (19.3–68.1; 5/12) | 16.7 (4.7–44.8; 2/12) | 0 | H6N2(1) H10(1) Unknown (3) |
γ(2) δ(0) |
|
| Charadriiformes | Great Knot | Calidris tenuirostris | 212 | 2.8 (1.3–6.0; 6/212) | 1.4 (0.5–4.1; 3/212) | 0 | Unknown (6) |
γ(0) δ(3) |
| Dunlin | Calidris alpina | 90 | 0 | 3.3 (1.1–9.3; 3/90) | 0 | / |
γ(2) δ(1) |
|
| Bar‐tailed Godwit | Limosa lapponica | 53 | 1.9 (0.3–10.0; 1/53) | 5.7 (1.9–15.4; 3/53) | 0 | Unknown (1) |
γ(3) δ(0) |
|
| Common Redshank | Tringa totanus | 35 | 0 | 2.9 (0.5–14.5; 1/35) | 0 | / |
γ(1) δ(0) |
|
| Broad‐billed Sandpiper | Limosa lapponica | 14 | 0 | 14.3 (4.0–40.0; 2/14) | 0 | / |
γ(0) δ(2) |
|
| Ruddy Turnstone | Arenaria interpres | 12 | 0 | 8.3 (1.5–35.4; 1/12) | 0 | / |
γ(0) δ(1) |
|
| Ciconiiformes | Little Egret | Egretta | 7 | 0 | 42.9 (15.8–75.0; 3/7) | 0 | / |
γ(0) δ(3) |
| Night Heron | Nycticorax nycticorax | 7 | 14.3 (2.6–51.3; 1/7) | 28.6 (8.2–64.1; 2/7) | 0 | H5N8(1) |
γ(0) δ(2) |
|
| Columbiformes | Red Turtle Dove | Streptopelia tranquebarica | 16 | 0 | 6.3 (1.1–28.3; 1/16) | 0 | / |
γ(0) δ(1) |
| / a | / | / | 904 | 1.3 (0.8–2.3; 12/904) | 3.3 (2.3–4.7; 30/904) |
0.7 (0.3–1.4; 6/904) |
H3N8(2) H3N2(1) H6N1(1) H11(1) Unknown (7) |
γ(27) δ(3) |
| Total | / | / | 2510 | 12.2 (10.9–13.5; 305/2510) | 8.4 (7.4–9.6; 211/2510) | 3.3 (2.6–4.0; 82/2510) | 305 | 211 |
a
Samples collected from faeces.
b
AIV positive, but the subtype is unknown.