. 2022 Sep 23;16:957677. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.957677

TABLE 1.

Summary of the findings.

References	Participants (F)	Category of cognitive task	Cognitive task(s) (number of trials, duration)	Exercise modality/intensity	Exercise duration (high intensity only) or until exhaustion	Timing of cognitive task	Physiological variables	Main findings
Chmura et al. (1994)	N = 22 (0) Young	Psychomotor task	Choice RT (30 trials, 107 s)	Cycling Near maximal (300 W)	6 min	During	Blood catecholamine, lactate	RT: impairment
McMorris and Keen (1994)	N = 12 (4) Young	Psychomotor task	Simple RT (15 trials)	Cycling 100% maximum workload	Not reported	During	-	RT: impairment
McMorris and Graydon (1997)	N = 12 (0) Young	Attentional task executive function	Soccer specific visual search task (30 slides) Soccer specific decision making task (15 trials)	Cycling 100% maximum power output	Not reported	During	-	Visual search: improvement Decision making: improvement
McMorris et al. (2009)	N = 24 (0) Young	Executive function	Flanker task (96 trials)	Cycling 80% maximum aerobic power	15 min or until exhaustion	During	Blood catecholamine, adrenocorticotropic hormone, cortisol	RT: impairment Accuracy: impairment
Ando et al. (2011)	N = 12 (0) Young	Executive function	Flanker task (40 trials, 3 min 20 s)	Cycling 80% $\dot{V} O_{2}$ _peak	6.5 min	During	Cerebral oxygenation	EMG-RT≈ Accuracy≈
Huertas et al. (2011)	N = 18 (0) Young	Executive function	Attention network test (modified flanker task, 480 trials, 25 min)	Cycling 95% LT	25 min	During	Blood lactate	RT: improvement
Shields et al. (2011)	N = 30 (15) Young	Attentional task	Visual threat-detection task (256 trials)	Cycling 80% maximal HR	Not reported	During	-	RT: improvement Accuracy: improvement
Labelle et al. (2013)	N = 37 (18) Young High fit = 16 Low fit = 21	Executive function	Stroop task (80 trials)	Cycling 80% peak power output	6.5 min	During	-	Accuracy: impairment RT variability: impairment in lower fit
Wang et al. (2013)	N = 80 (31) Young	Executive function	Wisconsin card sorting test (128 response cards)	Cycling 80% HRR	30 min	During	-	Performance: impairment
Dutke et al. (2014)	N = 60 (14) Young	Memory task attentional task (simultaneously)	Word comparison (Primary task, 60 trials, 27 min) Interval production (Secondary task, press a button every 2 s, 27 min)	Cycling 120% AT	> 27 min	During	-	Number of correct response≈ Response time≈ Interval production error: impairment
Davranche et al. (2015)	N = 14 (3) Young	Executive function	Simon task (200 trials, 4 min)	Cycling 20% above VT	20 min	During	-	RT: improvement Accuracy≈
Mekari et al. (2015)	N = 19 (12) Young	Executive function	Stoop task (30 trials × 2 blocks)	Cycling 85% peak power output	9 min	During	Cerebral oxygenation	RT: impairment Accuracy: impairment
Schmit et al. (2015)	N = 15 (5) Young	Executive function	Flanker task (40 trials, as many blocks as possible)	Cycling 85% maximal aerobic power	Until exhaustion	During	Cerebral oxygenation	RT≈ Accuracy: impairment
Smith et al. (2016)	N = 15 (9) Young	Executive function	Go/No-Go task (100 trials, 2 min)	Running 90% HRR	10 min	During	-	RT: impairment Accuracy: impairment
Gonzalez-Fernandez et al. (2017)	N = 24 (12) Young	Psychomotor task	Psychomotor vigilance task (mean 46.8 trials)	Cycling 100% ventilatory anaerobic threshold	5 min	During	-	RT: impairment
Tempest et al. (2017)	N = 14 (5) Young	Executive function	Flanker task (2 min × 10 blocks) 2-back task (60 trials × 10 blocks, 20 min)	Cycling 10% above VT	60 min	During	Cerebral oxygenation	RT (flanker task): improvement Accuracy (n-back): impairment
Ciria et al. (2019)	N = 20 (0) Young	Attentional task	Oddball task (20 min)	Cycling 80% $\dot{V} O_{2}$ _peak	20 min	During	EEG	RT≈ Accuracy≈
Tempest and Reiss (2019)	N = 13 (7) Young	Executive function	N-back task (0-back, 60 trials; 2-back, 60 trials)	Cycling 115% first ventilatory threshold (VT1)	16 min	During	Cerebral oxygenation (fNIRS)	Response time≈ Accuracy≈
Komiyama et al. (2020)	N = 17 (0) Young	Executive function	Spatial delayed response Go/No-Go tasks (24 trials, ∼5 min)	Cycling 80% $\dot{V} O_{2}$ _peak	8 min	During	Middle cerebral artery blood velocity Cerebral oxygenation	RT≈ Accuracy: impairment
Stone et al. (2020)	N = 13 (5) Young	Executive function	Cedar operator workload assessment tool	Running 100% HRR	Until exhaustion	During	Cerebral oxygenation	Accuracy: impairment
Travlos and Marisi (1995)	N = 20 (0) Young High fit = 10 Low fit = 10	Attentional task psychomotor task	Random number generation test Choice RT (15 trials × 4)	Cycling during 80% $\dot{V} O_{2}$ _max and after volitional exhaustion	Until exhaustion (> 10 min)	During/immediately after	-	Random number generation test (during)≈ RT (after)≈
Brisswalter et al. (1997)	N = 20 (0) Young High fit = 10 Low fit = 10	Psychomotor task	Simple detection RT (20 trials)	Cycling during 80% maximal aerobic power	10 min	During/1 min after	-	RT (during): impairment in only low fit Accuracy≈ in both groups
Fery et al. (1997)	N = 13 (0) Young	Memory task	Short-term memory task (20 trials)	Cycling during 90% $\dot{V} O_{2}$ _max and Volitional exhaustion	Until exhaustion	During/immediately after	-	RT (during)≈ RT (after): impairment
Kamijo et al. (2004a; 2004b)	N = 12 (0) Young	Executive function	S1-S2 RT (Go/No-Go) task (60 trials, 10 min)	Cycling Volitional exhaustion	Until exhaustion	Immediately after (< 3 min)	EEG (CNV, P300)	EMG-RT≈
McMorris et al. (2005)	N = 12 (0) Young	Psychomotor task	Whole body choice RT (9 trials)	Cycling 100% maximal power output	Until exhaustion	Immediately after (20 s later)	Blood lactate	RT: impairment
Winter et al. (2007)	N = 27 (0) Young	Memory task	Vocabulary learning task (600 training trials + retention)	Running (two sprints, started at 8 km/h, increased every 10 s by 2 km/h) Volitional exhaustion	Until exhaustion	15 min after	Blood catecholamine, BDNF	Learning speed: improvement RT: improvement (1 week later)
Coco et al. (2009)	N = 17 (0) Young	Psychomotor task Attentional task	RT task Attention and concentration task	Cycling Volitional exhaustion Lactate infusion (N = 6)	Until exhaustion	5 min after	Blood lactate	RT: impairment Accuracy: impairment
Luft et al. (2009)	N = 30 (7) Young	Psychomotor task Executive function Memory task Attentional task	Simple RT (35 correct trials, 90 s) Choice RT (30 correct trials, 90 s) Working memory task (one back task, 30 correct trials, 90 s) Short-term memory task (42 trials, 2–3 min) Continuous monitoring task (30 correct trials, 90 s)	Running Volitional exhaustion	Until exhaustion	10–15 min after	HR variability	Working memory: improvement Others≈
Thomson et al. (2009)	N = 163 (0) Young	Psychomotor task	Speed discrimination (decision-making)	Running Volitional exhaustion	Until exhaustion	1 min after	-	Time: improvement Accuracy: impairment
Griffin et al. (2011)	N = 47 (0) Young	Memory task Executive function	Face-name matching task Stroop task	Running Volitional exhaustion	Until exhaustion	< 30 min After	Blood BDNF, IGF-1	Face-name matching task: improvement Stroop task≈
Etnier et al. (2016)	N = 16 (7) Young	Memory task	Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (15 words × 2)	Running Volitional exhaustion	Until exhaustion	Immediately after (after blood sampling)	Blood BDNF	Memory performance: improvement (24 h later)
Hwang et al. (2016)	N = 58 (32) Young	Executive function	Stroop test (100 items × 3 conditions, 4 min) Trail making test (< 2 min)	Running Target HR corresponding to 85–90% $\dot{V} O_{2}$ _max	10 min	10 min after	Blood BDNF	Stroop test: improvement Trail making test: improvement
Chang et al. (2017)	N = 36 (36) Young	Executive function	Stroop test (neutral 60 s, incongruent 60 s)	Running 80% HRR	30 min	15 min after	Cerebral oxygenation	RT≈
Sudo et al. (2017)	N = 32 (0) Young	Executive function	Spatial delayed response task (20 trials) Go/No-Go task (20 trials)	Cycling Volitional exhaustion	Until exhaustion	2 min after	Cerebral oxygenation, Blood catecholamine, BDNF, IGF-1, lactate	RT≈ Accuracy≈
Zimmer et al. (2017)	N = 119 (41) Young	Executive function	Tower of London	Cycling Volitional exhaustion	Until exhaustion	Immediately after (< 3 min)	Blood lactate	Thinking time: impairment
Du Rietz et al. (2019)	N = 29 (0) Young	Executive function Psychomotor task	Cued continuous performance task (modified Go/No-Go task, 80 trials, 11 min) Flanker task (400 trials, 13 min) Choice RT task (72 trials, 10 min)	Cycling 20% delta (difference between gas exchange threshold and $\dot{V} O_{2}$ _peak)	20 min	30 min after	EEG	RT≈ Accuracy≈
Hill et al. (2019)	N = 13 (0) Young	Executive function	Flanker task (100 trials, < 3 min)	Cycling and arm cranking Volitional exhaustion	Until exhaustion	Immediately after	-	Cycling: impairment Arm cranking: improvement
Coco et al. (2020a)	N = 30 (?) Young = 15 Old = 15	Psychomotor task Executive function	Simple RT Stroop color word test (50 names, 50 circles, and 50 words) Trail making test	Cycling Volitional exhaustion	Until exhaustion	Immediately after	Blood lactate	Simple RT: impairment Stroop Color Word Test: impairment Trail Making Test: improvement (Young)
Loprinzi et al. (2021)	N = 120 (77) Young	Memory task	Word list memory task (15 words)	Running 75% HRR	20 min	5 min after	-	Memory: improvement
Marin Bosch et al. (2021)	N = 18 (0) Young	Psychomotor task Memory task	Psychomotor vigilance task (RT) Associative memory task (8 series of 6 successive pictures)	Cycling 75% maximal cardiac frequency	15 min	24 min after (Psychomotor task) and 69 min after (memory task)	Neural activity (fMRI), Blood endocannabinoids, BDNF	RT≈ Accuracy≈

F, females; N, number of participants; RT, reaction time; W, watts; $\dot{V} O_{2}$ _peak, peak oxygen uptake; EMG, electromyogram; LT, lactate threshold; HR, heart rate; HRR, heart rate reserve; AT, anaerobic threshold; VT, ventilatory threshold; EEG, electroencephalogram; fNIRS, functional near-infrared spectroscopy; CNV, contingent negative variation; P300, positive 300; $\dot{V} O_{2}$ _max, maximal oxygen uptake; BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor; IGF-1, insulin-like growth hormone factor-1; fMRI, functional magnetic resonance imaging. ≈, no effect.