TABLE 1.
Descriptive statistics for all study variables
| Minimum | Maximum | Mean | SD | Group comparison statistics | Comparison statistics 95% CI for mean | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hope (2020) | 1.50/1.00 | 6.00/6.00 | 4.28/4.27 | 1.12/1.05 | ||
| Agency subscale | 1.33/1.00 | 6.00/6.00 | 4.28/4.35 | 1.26/1.16 | ||
| Pathways subscale | 1.33/1.00 | 6.00/6.00 | 4.28/4.18 | 1.18/1.10 | ||
| School Connectedness (2021) | 1.00/1.00 | 4.00/4.00 | 2.62/2.53 | 0.71/0.66 | ||
| Education concerns related to COVID‐19 (2021) | ANCOVA statistics | |||||
| Difficulty switching to online learning | 1.00/1.00 | 5.00/5.00 | 3.31/3.23 | 1.47/1.35 | F(1, 722) = .61, P = .43 | [3.17, 3.45]/[3.08, 3.38] |
| Education is suffering due to disruption | 1.00/1.00 | 5.00/5.00 | 3.31/3.31 | 1.53/1.50 | F(1, 722) = .01, P = .97 a | [3.16, 3.46]/[3.14, 3.47] |
| Current school motivation compared with last year | 1.00/1.00 | 3.00/3.00 | 1.79/1.74 | 0.72/0.76 | ‐ | |
| Life distress related to COVID‐19 (2021) | MANCOVA statistics F(5, 703) = 4.09, P < .01, Wilks' Λ = .97 | |||||
| Not seeing friends | 1.00/1.00 | 5.00/5.00 | 2.98/2.61 | 1.54/1.37 | F(1, 707) = 11.18, P < .01 a | [2.82, 3.11]/[2.44, 2.76] |
| Not attending social events | 1.00/1.00 | 5.00/5.00 | 2.54/2.40 | 1.53/1.34 | F (1, 707) = 1.91, P = .17 | [2.40, 2.69]/[2.23, 2.55] |
| Catching COVID‐19 | 1.00/1.00 | 5.00/5.00 | 2.82/2.44 | 1.65/1.48 | F(1, 707) = 10.01, P < .01 | [2.66, 2.98]/[2.27, 2.62] |
| Friends/family catching COVID‐19 | 1.00/1.00 | 5.00/5.00 | 3.48/3.12 | 1.52/1.47 | F (1, 707) = 10.29, P < .01 a | [3.33, 3.63]/[2.97, 3.29] |
| Thinking about future of society | 1.00/1.00 | 5.00/5.00 | 3.13/3.00 | 1.48/1.40 | F(1, 707) = 1.78, P = .18 a | [2.99, 3.28]/[2.83, 3.14] |
Note: Middle school presented first followed by high school in bold.
Abbreviation: CI, confidence interval.
a
Indicates a model where the gender covariate (0 = female) was statistically significant.