Table 3. Summary table of case-control studies on selected menstrual and reproductive factors and lung cancer risk.
| Referent study | Study area | Cases/Controls | Findings | Adjustment factors | |
| (17) | Taioli E, Wynder EL, 19941 |
8 cities, USA |
180/303 | Age at menopause, years (≤40, 41-49, 50+): 0.3 (0.1, 0.8)2, 0.8 (0.5, 1.4), 1.0 |
Smoking, age at diagnosis, years of education, body mass index, type of menopause (natural or surgical, radiation) |
| (18) | Wu AH, Yu MC, Thomas DC, et al., 19881 |
Los Angeles County, USA |
336/336 | Age at menarche, years (≤11, 12, 13, 14, 15+): 1.0, 1.1 (0.6, 1.9), 1.4 (0.8, 2.4), 1.7 (0.9, 3.1), 1.3 (0.7, 2.5) p for trend = 0.13 |
Pack-years of smoking, years since smoking stopped, and depth of inhalation |
| Age at natural menopause, years (≤48, 49-51, 52+): 1.0, 1.0 (0.4, 2.3), 0.6 (0.3, 1.4) p for trend = 0.26 | |||||
| (19) | Gao YT, Blot WJ, Zheng W, et al., 1987 |
Shanghai, China |
672/735 | Age at natural menopause for women 50+ years1: 1.3 (0.9, 1.7) | Age, education, smoking, and regularity of menstruation |
| Total number of menstrual cycles (among women 55+ years in a natural menopause): increased risk1 | |||||
| Length of menstrual cycle, days (<26, 26-29, 30-33, >33): 2.2 (1.3, 3.7), 1.6 (1.0, 2.7), 1.6 (1.0, 2.6), 1.0 | |||||
| (20) | Wu-Williams AH, Dai XD, Blot W, et al., 1990 |
Harbin, Shenyang, China |
965/959 | Age at natural menopause, years (<45, 45-49, 50-54, 55+): 1.0, 1.7 (1.2, 2.4), 1.3 (0.9, 1.8), 1.7 (1.0, 3.2) |
Age, education, personal smoking, and study area |
| (21) | Liao Ml, Wang JH, Wang HM, et al., 1996 |
Shanghai, China |
1621/193/187 | Total number of menstrual cycles3: case mean = 453.2, control mean = 413.3 p < 0.054 |
Not applicable |
| Menstrual flow, days1: case mean=4.85, controls mean = 5.29 p < 0.014 | |||||
| (22) | Zhou B, Wang T, Guan P, Wu JM, 2000 |
Shenyang, China |
721/72 | Age at menarche, years (<16, 16+): 0.64 (0.31, 1.30), 1.0 | None |
| Length of menstrual cycle, days (<30, 30+): 1.12 (0.40, 3.10), 1.0 | |||||
| Number of live births (0-1, 2, 3, 4+): 1.0, 0.97 (0.12, 4.91), 1.39 (0.23, 8.52), 2.32 (0.45, 12.02) p for trend = 0.04 |
Income, eye irritation from smoke, history of lung cancer |
||||
| Present study | Gansu Province, China |
109/435 | Age at menarche, years (<15, 15-16, 17+): 1.0, 0.52 (0.3, 0.88), 0.54 (0.31, 0.96) p for trend = 0.015 |
Age, prefecture Further adjustment for socioeconomic status, active smoking, environment tobacco smoke among non-smokers, amount of coal, and previous pulmonary diseases had no effect |
|
| Age at natural menopause, years (<45, 45-49, 50+): 1.0, 0.95 (0.49, 1.86), 0.39 (0.17, 0.92) p for trend = 0.074 | |||||
| Age at first live birth, years (≤18, 19-22, 23+): 1.0, 1.53 (0.89, 2.64), 1.46 (0.75, 2.84) p for trend = 0.980 | |||||
1 Adenocarcinoma.
2 Odds ratio (95% confidence interval).
3 Squamous carcinoma.
4 Test for homogeneity of variance.