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. 2022 Sep 23;13:999704. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.999704

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Copyright © 2022 Steiger, Ehreiser, Anders and Anders

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Trial flow chart. The search identified 1.477 trials for lupus from clinical study databases. After excluding 1.463, 14 randomized control trials (RCTs) were used for this systemic review and meta-analysis in which therapies (anifrolumab, belimumab and rituximab) were tested in both patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE, n = 10) without active lupus nephritis (LN) and with active LN (LN, n = 4) patients. S.c., subcutaneous.