Table 1.
Characteristics of Students, School‐Provided Supports, and Community Characteristics of Survey Respondents Ages 13‐19 Attending K‐12 Schools by Learning Modality (In‐Person, Hybrid, or Remote/Virtual) for the SY 2020‐2021
| Student Learning Modality, N, % (95% CI) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall, N, % (95% CI) | In‐person | Hybrid | Remote/Virtual | p‐Value | |||||
| Total | 2152 | 425 (19.8%) | 884 (41.1%) | 843 (39.2%) | |||||
| Academic grade change* | <.001 | ||||||||
| Declined | 632 | 29.8 (27.8, 31.9) | 83 | 19.9 (16.2, 24.3) | 267 | 30.1 (27.1, 33.4) | 282 | 34.4 (31.1, 37.9) | |
| Same/improved | 1496 | 70.2 (68.1, 72.2) | 338 | 80.1 (75.7, 83.8) | 608 | 69.9 (66.6, 72.9) | 550 | 65.6 (62.1, 68.9) | |
| Student sociodemographic characteristics | |||||||||
| Gender | .02 | ||||||||
| Female | 1071 | 49.0 (46.7, 51.2) | 205 | 46.2 (41.3, 51.2) | 412 | 46.6 (43.2, 50.0) | 454 | 52.8 (49.2, 56.3) | |
| Male | 1081 | 51.0 (48.8, 53.3) | 220 | 53.8 (48.8, 58.7) | 472 | 53.4 (50.0, 56.8) | 389 | 47.2 (43.7, 50.8) | |
| Race/ethnicity | <.001 | ||||||||
| Non‐Hispanic white | 1117 | 52.8 (50.6, 55.0) | 264 | 62.7 (57.8, 67.4) | 527 | 61.3 (57.9, 64.6) | 326 | 39.1 (35.7, 42.6) | |
| Non‐Hispanic black | 272 | 13.0 (11.6, 14.6) | 44 | 11.4 (8.5, 15.2) | 87 | 9.6 (7.8, 11.9) | 141 | 17.2 (14.7, 20.1) | |
| Hispanic | 530 | 25.6 (23.7, 27.6) | 83 | 19.9 (16.1, 24.2) | 187 | 21.3 (18.6, 24.3) | 260 | 32.9 (29.6, 36.3) | |
| Non‐Hispanic other † | 233 | 8.6 (7.6, 9.8) | 34 | 6.0 (4.2, 8.4) | 83 | 7.7 (6.2, 9.6) | 116 | 10.8 (9.0, 13.0) | |
| School level | .6 | ||||||||
| High school (grades 9‐12) | 1367 | 67.7 (65.6, 69.6) | 261 | 65.7 (60.9, 70.1) | 559 | 67.7 (64.5, 70.7) | 547 | 68.6 (65.4, 71.7) | |
| Middle school (grades 6‐8) | 785 | 32.3 (30.4, 34.4) | 164 | 34.4 (29.9, 39.1) | 325 | 32.3 (29.3, 35.5) | 296 | 31.4 (28.3, 34.6) | |
| Student health/behavioral characteristics | |||||||||
| Mental health ‡ | |||||||||
| Has anxiety symptoms | 478 | 22.3 (20.5, 24.2) | 88 | 20.8 (17.0, 25.1) | 215 | 24.1 (21.3, 27.2) | 175 | 21.2 (18.4, 24.3) | .3 |
| Has depression symptoms | 422 | 19.5 (17.8, 21.3) | 78 | 18.8 (15.1, 23.0) | 174 | 19.0 (16.5, 21.9) | 170 | 20.4 (17.7, 23.4) | .7 |
| Substance use since pandemic began § | 348 | 15.9 (14.3, 17.6) | 79 | 19.2 (15.5, 23.5) | 152 | 16.5 (14.2, 19.3) | 117 | 13.5 (11.3, 16.1) | .04 |
| School‐provided supports | |||||||||
| Received education‐related services ‖ | 1515 | 70.1 (68.0, 72.1) | 285 | 66.1 (61.2, 70.7) | 633 | 71.9 (68.7, 74.8) | 597 | 70.3 (67.0, 73.5) | .1 |
| Received health‐related services ¶ | 288 | 13.1 (11.7, 14.7) | 75 | 17.1 (13.7, 21.2) | 111 | 12.8 (10.7, 15.4) | 102 | 11.5 (9.4, 13.9) | .02 |
| Community characteristics | |||||||||
| US Census region # | <.001 | ||||||||
| Midwest | 411 | 20.8 (19.0, 22.8) | 96 | 25.0 (20.9, 29.7) | 198 | 25.2 (22.2, 28.4) | 117 | 14.3 (12.0, 17.0) | |
| Northeast | 385 | 16.5 (15.0, 18.1) | 46 | 9.5 (7.1, 12.7) | 190 | 19.9 (17.3, 22.6) | 149 | 16.6 (14.2, 19.3) | |
| South | 873 | 38.6 (36.4, 40.7) | 230 | 51.4 (46.4, 56.4) | 314 | 33.2 (30.0, 36.4) | 329 | 37.7 (34.3, 41.1) | |
| West | 483 | 24.1 (22.2, 26.1) | 53 | 14.0 (10.7, 18.1) | 182 | 21.9 (19.1, 24.9) | 248 | 31.5 (28.2, 34.9) | |
| Locality** | <.001 | ||||||||
| Rural | 425 | 14.1 (12.8, 15.4) | 106 | 18.5 (15.3, 22.3) | 199 | 16.3 (14.2, 18.7) | 120 | 9.5 (7.9, 11.4) | |
| Suburban | 1085 | 56.4 (54.2, 58.5) | 220 | 58.5 (53.6, 63.2) | 433 | 55.7 (52.2, 59.0) | 432 | 56.0 (52.5, 59.4) | |
| Urban | 642 | 29.6 (27.6, 31.7) | 99 | 23.0 (19.1, 27.4) | 252 | 28.1 (25.1, 31.2) | 291 | 34.5 (31.3, 37.9) | |
| Social vulnerability index †† , ‡‡ | <0.001 | ||||||||
| Low | 750 | 35.7 (33.6, 37.9) | 163 | 39.8 (35.0, 44.8) | 331 | 38.9 (35.5, 42.3) | 256 | 30.5 (27.3, 33.9) | |
| Moderate | 687 | 31.6 (29.6, 33.7) | 138 | 33.2 (28.7, 38.1) | 290 | 32.0 (28.9, 35.3) | 259 | 30.5 (27.4, 33.9) | |
| High | 715 | 32.6 (30.6, 34.7) | 124 | 27.0 (22.9, 31.6) | 263 | 29.1 (26.1, 32.4) | 328 | 39.0 (35.6, 42.5) | |
| High days of SARS‐CoV‐2 transmission ‡‡ , §§ | .05 | ||||||||
| 0 days | 1249 | 62.0 (59.8, 64.2) | 254 | 64.0 (59.0, 68.7) | 494 | 59.2 (55.6, 62.6) | 501 | 64.0 (60.5, 67.4) | |
| 1‐7 days | 472 | 22.3 (20.5, 24.3) | 85 | 19.7 (16.0, 24.0) | 200 | 22.9 (20.1, 26.0) | 187 | 23.1 (20.1, 26.2) | |
| 8‐14 days | 315 | 15.7 (14.1, 17.4) | 187 | 16.4 (13.0, 20.5) | 145 | 17.9 (15.3, 20.9) | 102 | 12.9 (10.7, 15.6) | |
Table shows unweighted counts (N), weighted overall and column percentages (%), and weighted 95% confidence intervals (CIs). p‐Value represents associations between the groups of learning modalities by each variable of interest. p‐Values <.05 were considered statistically significant.
SY, school year.
Represents change in letter grades since before the start of the COVID‐19 pandemic (before February 2020). Grade change could not be computed for n = 24 survey respondents because they reported “none of these grades” or “not sure” for one or both questions about academic grades.
Non‐Hispanic other race/ethnicity category includes Asian, American Indian or Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander, some other race, or selected more than one race category. The Non‐Hispanic other category is not disaggregated due to small cell size generating unstable estimates and to protect confidentiality.
Using the GAD‐2 scale (Generalized Anxiety Disorder), respondents with anxiety symptoms represent those who scored ≥3 for anxiety, indicating a need for follow‐up screening for anxiety. Using the PHQ‐2 scale (Patient Health Questionnaire), respondents with depression symptoms represent those who scored ≥3 for depression, indicating a need for follow‐up screening for depression.
Started or increased use of at least 1 substance (alcohol, tobacco, prescription drug, or non‐prescription drug) to help cope with stress or emotions, taken in a way not recommended by a doctor.
Education‐related services received during SY 2020‐2021 (tutoring, accommodations for assignments, academic support, and/or individual classroom support).
Health‐related services received during SY 2020‐2021 (occupational therapy, speech therapy, and/or behavioral/mental health support).
Based on survey respondent's self‐reported state of residence.
Based on survey respondent's self‐reported location of school. This information was missing for n = 188 respondents.
2018 CDC/ATSDR Social Vulnerability Index (SVI) for the county where respondent school is located. Low = counties in bottom one‐third, or tertile, of SVI scores (lowest vulnerability). Moderate = counties in middle tertile of SVI scores. High = counties in top tertile of SVI scores (highest vulnerability).
Could not be computed for n = 188 survey respondents due to missing school location.
Number of days that the county where the school is located was designated as having a high SARS‐CoV‐2 transmission level (8‐14 days).