Table 3.

Multivariable Logistic Regression for Having Same or Improved Academic Grades (Compared to Prepandemic) and Characteristics of Students and School‐Provided Supports, Subpopulated by Student Learning Modality (In‐Person, Hybrid, or Remote/Virtual) in SY 2020‐2021

			Student Learning Modality
	Overall (N = 2012)		In‐person (N = 403)		Hybrid (N = 830)		Remote/Virtual (N = 779)
	OR (95% CI)	p‐Value	OR (95% CI)	p‐Value	OR (95% CI)	p‐Value	OR (95% CI)	p‐Value
Student learning modality			‐		‐		‐
In‐person	Ref.
Hybrid	0.58 (0.42, 0.80)	.001
Remote/virtual	0.50 (0.36, 0.69)	<.001
Student sociodemographic characteristics
Gender
Female	Ref.		Ref.		Ref.		Ref.
Male	0.85 (0.69, 1.05)	.132	1.04 (0.60, 1.80)	.902	0.74 (0.54, 1.03)	.071	0.90 (0.64, 1.26)	.537
Race/ethnicity
Non‐Hispanic white	Ref.		Ref.		Ref.		Ref.
Non‐Hispanic black	0.80 (0.57, 1.12)	.196	0.35 (0.15, 0.80)	.013	1.27 (0.72, 2.25)	.404	0.72 (0.43, 1.19)	.200
Hispanic	0.78 (0.60, 1.02)	.068	1.27 (0.61, 2.61)	.523	0.78 (0.51, 1.19)	.245	0.68 (0.45, 1.02)	.061
Non‐Hispanic other*	1.22 (0.83, 1.77)	.309	0.34 (0.13, 0.87)	.025	1.50 (0.81, 2.77)	.197	1.50 (0.85, 2.65)	.159
School level
High school (grades 9‐12)	Ref.		Ref.		Ref.		Ref.
Middle school (grades 6‐8)	0.91 (0.73, 1.12)	.368	1.19 (0.66, 2.14)	.560	0.82 (0.59, 1.14)	.240	0.96 (0.68, 1.36)	.825
Student health/behavioral characteristics
Mental health †
Has anxiety symptoms	0.60 (0.44, 0.81)	.001	0.67 (0.27, 1.7)	.396	0.53 (0.33, 0.84)	.007	0.66 (0.41, 1.06)	.082
Has depression symptoms	0.61 (0.44, 0.85)	.003	0.73 (0.27, 2.0)	.547	0.92 (0.54, 1.60)	.754	0.38 (0.23, 0.60)	<.001
Substance use since pandemic began ‡	0.71 (0.53, 0.95)	.022	0.60 (0.29, 1.2)	.163	0.60 (0.39, 0.92)	.021	0.84 (0.53, 1.34)	.459
School‐provided supports
Received education‐related services §	1.31 (1.04, 1.65)	.024	0.91 (0.48, 1.74)	.783	1.33 (0.93, 1.92)	.120	1.55 (1.08, 2.22)	.018
Received health‐related services ‖	1.36 (0.98, 1.89)	.069	1.02 (0.44, 2.33)	.967	1.28 (0.77, 2.10)	.340	1.47 (0.84, 2.56)	.174

Overall model was not subpopulated by learning mode. All models controlled for community characteristics (Census region, locality, Social Vulnerability Index, and SARS‐CoV‐2 transmission level). Significant findings (p < .05) are bolded. Referent group for each mental health measure is “no” (did not report symptoms at level that warranted additional screening). Referent group for the outcome variable, academic grade change, is declined. Referent group for substance use is “no” (did not report any substance use). Referent group for each school‐provided support measure is “no” (did not receive any services of that type).

CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio; SY, school year.

^*Non‐Hispanic other race/ethnicity category includes Asian, American Indian or Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander, some other race, or selected more than 1 race category. The Non‐Hispanic other category is not disaggregated due to small cell size generating unstable estimates and to protect confidentiality.

^† Using the GAD‐2 scale (Generalized Anxiety Disorder), respondents with anxiety symptoms represent those who scored ≥3 for anxiety, indicating a need for follow‐up screening for anxiety. Using the PHQ‐2 scale (Patient Health Questionnaire), respondents with depression symptoms represent those who scored ≥3 for depression, indicating a need for follow‐up screening for depression.

^‡ Started or increased use of at least 1 substance (alcohol, tobacco, prescription drug, or non‐prescription drug) to help cope with stress or emotions, taken in a way not recommended by a doctor.

^§ Education‐related services received during SY 2020‐2021 (tutoring, accommodations for assignments, academic support, and/or individual classroom support).

^‖ Health‐related services received during SY 2020‐2021 (occupational therapy, speech therapy, and/or behavioral/mental health support).