Table 3.
Clinical disease grades and treatment of COVID‐19 patients who were treated in the intensive care unit (N = 168)
| Total (N = 168) | Control (N = 35) | Remdesivir use, interval ≤9 days (N = 96) | Remdesivir use, interval 10+ days (N = 37) | p Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Oxygen demand at baseline, n (%) | |||||
| Low flow oxygen or oxygen free | 37 (22.0) | 9 (25.7) | 21 (21.9) | 7 (18.9) | 0.78 |
| High flow oxygen or mechanical ventilator | 131 (78.0) | 26 (74.3) | 75 (78.1) | 30 (81.1) | |
| Severity assessment at first ICU stay | |||||
| SOFA score, median (IQR) | 5 (3–7) | 7 (5–10) | 4* (3–6) | 5* (3–6) | <0.001* |
| APACHE II score, mean (SD) | 14.1 (7.0) | 19.3 (7.7) | 12.3* (6.3) | 14.0* (5.7) | <0.001* |
| Treatment period (days), median (IQR) | |||||
| ICU stay | 10 (6–20.5) | 13 (8–30) | 9 (5.5–18) | 10 (5–18) | 0.11 |
| Intensive care, n (%) | |||||
| Mechanical ventilator | 143 (85.1) | 32 (91.4) | 81 (84.4) | 30 (81.1) | 0.45 |
| ECMO | 23 (13.7) | 3 (8.6) | 16 (16.7) | 4 (10.8) | 0.42 |
| CRRT | 36 (21.4) | 19 (54.3) | 13 (13.5) | 4 (10.8) | <0.001* |
| Medication, n (%) | |||||
| Dexamethasone | 149 (88.7) | 22 (62.9) | 91 (94.8) | 36 (97.3) | <0.001* |
| mPSL pulse | 51 (30.4) | 16 (45.7) | 23 (24.0) | 12 (32.4) | 0.054 |
| Favipiravir | 43 (25.6) | 17 (48.6) | 17 (17.7) | 9 (24.3) | 0.002* |
| Tocilizumab | 25 (14.9) | 9 (25.7) | 11 (11.5) | 5 (13.5) | 0.12 |
| Baricitinib | 38 (22.6) | 0 (0.0) | 30 (31.2) | 8 (21.6) | <0.001* |
| Complications, n (%) | |||||
| Arrhythmia | 34 (20.2) | 11 (31.4) | 18 (18.8) | 5 (13.5) | 0.14 |
| DVT or PE | 10 (6.0) | 5 (14.3) | 4 (4.2) | 1 (2.7) | 0.061 |
| Mediastinal emphysema | 7 (4.2) | 1 (2.9) | 4 (4.2) | 2 (5.4) | 0.86 |
| Pneumothorax | 8 (4.8) | 1 (2.9) | 6 (6.2) | 1 (2.7) | 0.58 |
| VAP | 63 (37.5) | 11 (31.4) | 35 (36.5) | 17 (45.9) | 0.42 |
| BSI | 47 (28.0) | 13 (37.1) | 22 (22.9) | 12 (32.4) | 0.22 |
| Median (IQR) observational period (days) | 17.5 (9–27.5) | 22 (13–31) | 18 (9–29.5) | 14 (7–22) | 0.066 |
| Prognosis, n (%) | |||||
| Discharge home | 40 (23.8) | 9 (25.7) | 25 (26.0) | 6 (16.2) | <0.001* |
| Back transfer | 96 (57.1) | 10 (28.6) | 61 (63.5) | 25 (67.6) | |
| Death | 32 (19.0) | 16 (45.7) | 10 (10.4) | 6 (16.2) | |
Note: Pearson's χ 2 test for categorical variables. ANOVA followed by Dunnett's test or Kruskal–Wallis test followed by Dunn's test (with the control group as the reference, respectively) for continuous variables.
Abbreviations: ANOVA, analysis of variance; APACHE, acute physiology and chronic health evaluation; BSI, bloodstream infections; COVID‐19, coronavirus disease 2019; CRRT, continuous renal replacement therapy; ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; DVT, deep venous thrombosis; mPSL, methylprednisolone; PE, pulmonary embolism; SD, standard deviation; SOFA, sequential organ failure assessment; VAP, ventilator‐associated pneumonia.
p < 0.05.