TABLE 2.
Myocardial flow parameters, hemodynamics, and function in controls and in post‐acute sequelae of COVID‐19 cardiovascular syndrome (PASC‐CVS) patients during PET/CT
| Controls | PASC‐CVS | p Value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Flow Parameters | |||
| MBF‐ Rest | 1.08 ± 0.20 | 1.29 ± 0.27 | .024 |
| NMBF‐Rest | 1.25 ± 0.17 | 1.40 ± 0.32 | .073 |
| MBF‐Stress | 2.40 ± 0.34 | 2.46 ± 0.53 | .621 |
| MFR | 2.27 ± 0.43 | 1.97 ± 0.54 | .031 |
| Corrected MFR | 1.98 ± 0.63 | 1.55 ± 0.77 | .014 |
| CVR‐Rest | 88 ± 25 | 77 ± 18 | .055 |
| CVR‐Stress | 32 ± 5 | 36 ± 8 | .652 |
| MBF Gradient‐Rest | −0.01 ± 0.07 | −0.03 ± 0.10 | .675 |
| MBF Gradient‐Stress | 0.03 ± 0.13 | −0.20 ± 0.19 | .000 |
| ΔMBF Gradient | 0.04 ± 0.11 | −0.17 ± 0.18 | .000 |
| CVR Gradient‐Rest | 1.19 ± 4.04 | 1.19 ± 3.52 | .912 |
| CVR Gradient‐Stress | −0.06 ± 0.81 | 2.66 ± 2.86 | .000 |
| ΔCVR Gradient | −1.25 ± 4.00 | 1.47 ± 4.08 | .030 |
| Hemodynamics | |||
| Rest‐HR, bpm | 71 ± 12 | 73 ± 10 | .403 |
| Stress‐HR bpm | 98 ± 16 | 110 ± 12 | .004 |
| Rest‐SBP, mmHg | 125 ± 10 | 129 ± 8 | .071 |
| Stress‐SBP, mmHg | 112 ± 12 | 116 ± 7 | .474 |
| Rest‐RPP | 8966 ± 1969 | 9374 ± 1320 | .385 |
| Stress‐RPP | 11.078 ± 2640 | 12.714 ± 1358 | .007 |
| LVEF (%) | |||
| Stress | 49.7 ± 3.7 | 51.4 ± 4.3 | .268 |
| Rest | 49.3 ± 2.7 | 50.8 ± 3.6 | .127 |
| Reserve (Stress‐Rest) | 0.39 ± 3.2 | 0.26 ± 3.1 | .890 |
| Reserve ≤0 | −2.09 ± 1.70 | −1.64 ± 1.91 | .541 |
| Reserve >0 | 2.66 ± 2.53 | 3.22 ± 2.17 | .595 |
Note: Values are mean ± SD; p values versus controls (Mann–Whitney U test for independent samples).
Abbreviations: corrected MFR, ratio MBF‐DP to NMBR at rest; CVR, coronary vascular resistance (mmHg/ml/g/min); HR, heart rate; MBF, myocardial blood flow (ml/g/min); NMBF, normalized MBF (ml/g/min), MFR, myocardial flow reserve; RPP, rate‐pressure product (HR x SBP); SBP, systolic blood pressure; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction.