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. 2022 Sep 23;12:963314. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2022.963314

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Copyright © 2022 Sahashi, Kato, Yoshida, Hayashi, Naitoh, Hori, Natsume, Jinno, Kachi, Asano, Toyohara, Kito, Ammanamanchi and Kataoka

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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UA-mediated upregulation of autophagy in cholangiocarcinoma cells. (A) HuCCT-1 and SSP-25 cells were treated with 20 μmol/L CQ and 40 μmol/L UA for 24 h Autophagy was detected by Western blotting for LC3-II. β-actin was used as an internal loading control. LC3-II levels were normalized against β-Actin and represented the means of three independent experiments. Bars, standard deviation; *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01. (B) Immunofluorescence for LC3 (green) was performed after the same treatment as shown in (A). Blue staining denotes DAPI-labeled nuclei. (C) Electron microscopy after the same treatment as shown in (A). N, nucleus; Mt, mitochondrion; AP, autophagosome; AL, autolysosome.