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. 2022 Sep 23;13:1002742. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1002742

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Copyright © 2022 Gao, Gao and Li

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Major exosome release process in OS. EVs are comprised of various proteins and nucleic acids. These evolutionarily conserved proteins that can be used as biomarkers, like HSP70, CD9, CD63, and CD81. Additionally, exosomal cargos are also involved in transport of multiple biomolecules such as DNA or RNA. EVs that carry genetic materials are utilized in development of treatment for OS through enhancing drug resistance, immune evasion, migration, invasion, and angiogenesis. Source cell-derived exosomal cargos are also carried into recipient cells via blood circulation. Highly invasive OS cells enhance cell migration and invasion through production of exosomes.