Table 4.
The biological functions of exosome in the immuno-modulation of OS.
| EV content | Parent cell | Target cell | Mechanism | Biological function | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| miR-1228 | cancer-associated fibroblasts | OS cells | SCAI | Promote OS cell migration and invasion | (119) |
| miR-148a-3p and miR-21–5p | OS cells | Raw264.7 and Huvec cells | / | Influence osteoclast formation, tumor angiogenesis, and bone resorption | (128) |
| TGFβ2 | Metastatic OS cells | Tumor-associated macrophages | / | Enhance M2 phenotype while creating the tumor-promoting, Immunosuppressive TME | (129) |
| TGFβ1 | OS cells | Resident lung cells | / | Drive myofibroblast/cancer-associated | (130) |
| fibroblast differentiation | |||||
| Tim-3 | MG63 | Macrophages | / | Induce M2 type differentiation of macrophages | (131) |
| COL6A1 | OS cells | cancer-associated fibroblasts | IL-6, IL-8 and STAT1 | Convert normal fibroblasts to cancer-associated fibroblasts | (132) |
| LIFR-AS1 | Macrophages | OS cells | miR-29a/NFIA | Enhance OS cell growth, invasion, and migration | (133) |
| While promoting their apoptosis | |||||
| miR-221–3p | M2-polarized tumor-associated macrophages | OS cells | SOCS3/JAK2/STAT3 | Promote growth of OS cells | (134) |