Table 2.

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on subgroups with distinct SRH needs (n=16)

Subgroup	Study (author, setting)	Impact of COVID-19
Adolescents	Rose (New Zealand)91	Young people faced barriers for SRH care during lockdown including self-censorship of care-seeking, lack of privacy or transportation, lack of information about service availability and COVID-19 related concerns.
	Mambo (Uganda)53	Access to SRH information and services diminished among youths during lockdown due to lack of transportation, distance to health facilities and high cost of services.
	Thomson-Glover (UK)75	Adolescents in both rural and urban settings exhibited a substantial decrease in attendance at sexual health services and less frequently used emergency contraception.
	Lewis (UK)83	Young women and reported significant difficulties accessing contraception, including condoms, during the pandemic. Challenges were associated with a lack of in person appointments to start, stop, switch or continue contraceptive methods, lack of information about available care, fear of contracting COVID-19, risking privacy to access contraception and self-censorship of SRH needs.
	Li (China)93	About one-third of sexually active adolescents reported difficulties accessing abortion, postabortion care, STI advice and management or contraceptives due to COVID-19.
	Kassie (Ethiopia)68	The proportion of teenage pregnancy increased during the pandemic as well as the proportion of teenagers using abortion services, possibly indicating reduced access or utilisation of birth control among this group.
	Dyer (Kenya)70	COVID-19 impacted adolescents living with HIV’s ability to access medical support and some had difficulty refilling ARVs, resulting a relatively high rate of missed ARV treatments.
LGBTQIA+ identifying individuals	Rose (New Zealand)91	Respondents who identified as LGBTQIA+ were as likely as non-identifying respondents to have received SRH care during lockdown.
	Lindberg (USA)28	COVID-19 caused women to delay or cancel accessing SRH providers for contraception, an impact that was more pronounced for sexual minority women.
	Restar (mixed)106	COVID-19 imposed burdens on accessing HIV treatment and prescription refills among trans and non-binary people living with HIV; nearly one-third of respondents reported not having access to an HIV provider since pandemic control measures were implemented.
Displaced People and Refugees	United Nations (mixed)105	COVID-19 resulted in a decrease in reporting of violence against women and limited access to social and health services; the situation is exacerbated for women and girls who face multiple forms of discrimination, such as refugees and migrant workers.
Racial and ethnic minorities, immigrant groups and Indigenous peoples	Rose (New Zealand)91	Indigenous Māori women were less likely than NZ European, Pacific Islander or Asian respondents to have been able to access SRH care during the pandemic.
	Lindberg (USA)28	Hispanic and non-Hispanic black women were more likely to have experienced pandemic-related delays or cancellations of contraceptive care or other SRH services.
	Sabri (USA)36	Immigrant survivors of IPV, particularly those who are undocumented, faced distinct hardships in accessing care due to greater financial hurdles and lack of public benefits such as unemployment and government assistance including medical insurance.
	Lin (USA)42	Racial minority women disproportionately struggled to access contraceptive care, including being able to access a pharmacy, afford care, get a prescription or get a LARC method replaced or removed; this was largely due to decreased financial assets.
Sex workers	Mantell (Kenya)65	Though the pandemic did not significantly impact sex workers enrolled in an active RCT’s access to provided PrEP, where access was impacted it was primarily due to difficulties travelling to pick up medication.
	Htun Nyunt (Myanmar)94	COVID-19 impacted HIV prevention services such as condom distribution and HIV testing for female sex workers. The pandemic caused a decrease in ART initiation immediately following stay-at-home order. Most HIV services were returned to prepandemic levels by June 2020.
	Janyam (Thailand)95	COVID-19 significantly impacted sex workers' ability to access STI testing a treatment as well as STI prevention services such as condoms, PrEP and drug treatment services. Sex workers with HIV reported difficulties accessing ART. Loss of access may be explained in part by significant loss of income and travel restrictions.
	Gichuna (Kenya)71	COVID-19 restriction measures has had detrimental impacts on access to SRH services for sex workers living in informal settlements outside of Nairobi. Curfews, police mistreatment, fear of COVID-19, social distancing measures, contraceptive shortages and financial losses contribute to reduced access/utilisation of contraception and HIV treatment.

ART, antiretroviral treatment; IPV, intimate partner violence; LARC, long-acting reversible contraception; SRH, sexual and reproductive health.