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The core assumptions of MR. Z represents the genetic instrument (SNPs), X the exposure (BMI, TC, HDL, LDL, and TG), Y the outcome (serum urate), and U denotes the confounders of the relationship of X–Y. Assumptions: 1. Genetic variation is closely related to the exposure of interest, γ ≠ 0; 2. Genetic variation has nothing to do with confounding, φ 1 = 0; 3. Genetic variation only affects the outcome through X, φ 2 = 0.
