Table 00.

Differential diagnoses of xerostomia and xerophthalmia

	Xerostomia	Xerophthalmia
General	Age, pollinosis, malignancy
Metabolic causes	Diabetes mellitus
	Vitamin deficiency (B1, B2, B6, B12), anemia, hypercalcemia Hyperthyreosis and hypothyreosis, dialysis, chronic renal failure	Vitamin A deficiency, hypoandrogenemia
Environmental influences	Radiotherapy, chemical and thermic burns, scarring, nicotine abuse/cigarette smoke
	Sialadenitis/sialolithiasis	Wind, low air humidity, computer work, contact lenses
Hereditary causes	Hereditary gelsolin amyloidosis	Congenital alacrimy, familial dysautonomy
Neuropsychiatric causes	Anxiety disorder, depression, schizophrenia, Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease
Inflammatory diseases	Primary biliary cholangitis, amyloidosis, sarcoidosis, GvHD, mucosal pemphigoid, IgG4 associated disease
	Lichen planus	Rosacea, chronic blepharitis
Infections	HIV, HCV
	Varicella, hand‐foot‐mouth disease, herpes stomatitis	Trachoma, post‐zoster neuropathy, adenoviruses
Drugs	Antihistamines, anticholinergics, diuretics, tricyclic antidepressants
	Bronchodilators, psychotropic drugs (anxiolytics, neuroleptics), antihypertensives, opioids, interferon‐alpha, triptans, appetite suppressants	Retinoids, topical medications with preservatives