Table 2.
Estimated Marginal Means, between-group difference statistics of T1 and T2 controlled for T0, and T1-T2 within-group difference statistics
| Scale | Range | Intervention group (IG) | Control Group (CG) | T1 between-group difference | Effect size | T2 between-group difference | T1-T2 within-group difference IG | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T1 M (SD) | T2 M (SD) | T1 M (SD) | T2 M (SD)a | F | p | d | 95% CI | F | p | F | p | ||
| Well-being | 0–5 | 3.1 (0.7) | 3.1 (0.8) | 2.7 (0.8) | 3.2 (0.8) | 52.18 | .000 | .49 | .36 to .63 | 1.51 | .22 | 0.10 | .76 |
| Anxiety | 0–21 | 5.9 (4.0) | 5.5 (4.3) | 6.9 (3.7) | 5.2 (4.2) | 16.34 | .000 | .28 | .14 to .41 | 0.97 | .33 | 1.05 | .30 |
| Depression | 0–27 | 5.0 (4.1) | 4.6 (4.4) | 6.0 (3.7) | 4.3 (4.2) | 16.07 | .000 | .28 | .14 to .41 | 0.75 | .39 | 0.95 | .33 |
| Stress | 0–40 | 15.0 (4.9) | 14.6 (6.5) | 17.3 (4.5) | 14.8 (6.3) | 48.69 | .000 | .48 | .34 to .61 | 0.27 | .60 | 0.48 | .49 |
| Explanatory variables | |||||||||||||
| Gratitude | |||||||||||||
| As trait | 1–7 | 5.7 (0.7) | 5.7 (0.8) | 5.5 (0.7) | 5.7 (0.8) | 12.19 | .001 | .24 | .10 to .37 | 0.26 | .61 | 0.56 | .46 |
| Mood | 1–7 | 5.6 (1.2) | 5.7 (1.2) | 5.2 (1.0) | 5.9 (1.2) | 30.57 | .000 | .38 | .25 to .52 | 2.28 | .13 | 1.57 | .21 |
| Positive reframing | 4–16 | 12.6 (2.4) | 12.7 (2.7) | 12.0 (2.1) | 12.7 (2.6) | 15.71 | .000 | .27 | .14 to .41 | 0.01 | .92 | 0.41 | .52 |
| Rumination | 0–60 | 25.0 (8.5) | 23.5 (10.7) | 28.4 (7.7) | 23.7 (10.4) | 37.01 | .000 | .42 | .28 to .55 | 0.11 | .75 | 2.18 | .14 |
aControl group also completed the intervention at T2