Table 1.
Background and clinical features of patients that underwent the MoCA.
| N | 278 |
|---|---|
| Age (years) | 62.8 ± 11.4 (28–88) |
| Sex (M/F) | 64%/36% |
| Education (years) | 11.6 ± 4.4 (5–24) |
| Handedness (right/left) | 94.6%/5.4% |
| Disease duration (months) | 16.7 ± 14.3 (2–120) |
| ALSFRS-R | |
| Total | 39.4 ± 5.6 (22–48) |
| Bulbar | 10.5 ± 1.9 (4–12) |
| Spinal – lower limbs | 11.2 ± 3.9 (0–16) |
| Spinal – upper limbs | 6.3 ± 1.7 (0–8) |
| Respiratory | 11.3 ± 1.4 (5–12) |
| ΔFS | 0.8 ± 0.7 (0–5.2) |
| KSS | |
| Stage 0 | 2% |
| Stage 1 | 36.5% |
| Stage 2 | 33.7% |
| Stage 3 | 23.3% |
| Stage 4 | 4.4% |
| MiToS | |
| Stage 0 | 77.5% |
| Stage 1 | 20.1% |
| Stage 2 | 2.4% |
| PEG | 0.4% |
| NIV | 4% |
| Genetics | |
| C9orf72 | 6.8% |
| SOD1 | 2.9% |
| TARDBP | 3.2% |
| FUS | 0.4% |
| MoCA | |
| Raw scores | 23.6 ± 3.6 (11–30) |
| Below-cut-off scoresa | 6.1% |
| ECAS | |
| Total | 100.4 ± 18.1 (39–29) |
| ALS-specific | 74.3 ± 14.8 (22–97) |
| ALS-nonspecific | 26.2 ± 4.9 (9–34) |
| Language | 23.5 ± 3.9 (10–28) |
| Fluency | 16.5 ± 5.5 (0–24) |
| Executive | 34.3 ± 7.6 (7–47) |
| Memory | 14.8 ± 4.5 (1–22) |
| Visuo-spatial | 11.4 ± 1 (6–12) |
| ECAS-CI | 0.7 ± 0.9 (0–5) |
ΔFS, progression rate; ALS, amyotrophic laterals sclerosis; ALSFRS-R, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Functional Rating Scale-Revised; ECAS, Edinburgh Cognitive and Behavioural ALS Screen; F, female; KSS=King’s staging system; M, male; MiToS, Milano-Torino staging system; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; NIV, non-invasive ventilation; PEG, percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy.