Table 1.

Pre-clinical and clinical reports using RT ± immunotherapy as radiation dose difference of immune activation.

Author	Year	Type	RT	ICI	Outcome
Zhang et al. (24)	2017	Clinical	6 Gy × 8 f or 8 Gy × 6 f	None	Increased the frequency of CD8+ T cells, but decreased the frequency of inhibitory Tregs. Increased the proportions of MZ-like B cells, transitional B cells and plasmablast cells. Activated the peripheral immune response.
Formenti et al. (20)	2018	Clinical	6 Gy × 5 f or 9.5 Gy ×3 f	CTLA-4	Induced systemic anti-tumor T cells
Iyengar et al. (29)	2018	Clinical	SAbR: 18–24 Gy/1 f,  24.6–33 Gy/3 f,  30–37.5 Gy/5 f. HSRT: 45 Gy/15 f	None	Perlonged PFS
Navarro-Martín et al. (21)	2018	Clinical	7.5 Gy × 8 f or 12.5 Gy × 4 f	None	Increased the immune active components of the immune system,and decreased the Tregs, granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (G-MDSCs) and monocytic (Mo-MDSCs).
Wang et al. (30)	2019	Pre-clinical	8 Gy × 3f	PD-1	Increased lung injury score
Bauml et al. (31)	2019	Clinical	Stereotactic or standard fraction, dose NS	PD-1	Perlonged PFS
Theelan et al. (32)	2019	Clinical	8 Gy × 3 f	PD-1	No significant ORR improvement.
Lockney et al. (23)	2019	Clinical	6-12Gy / f	None	Induced tumor immunity through upregulated IgG and/or IgM.
Savage et al. (33)	2020	Pre-clinical	22 Gy × 1 f and 0.5 Gy × 4 f	None	Significant tumor growth delay and increased survival. Increased infiltration of immune effector cells and decreased Tregs in irradiated tumors and secondary lymphoid organs.
Zhou et al. (5)	2021	Clinical	6 Gy × 10 f	None	Improved TCR sequence diversity and PD-L1 expression in TME.
Schoenfeld et al. (34)	2022	Clinical	0.5 Gy × 4 f 8 Gy × 3 f	PD-L1 and CTLA-4	No significant RT toxicity. No benefit of adding RT.
Zhao et al. (35)	2022	Clinical and pre-clinical	mouse model: 3.7 Gy× 4 f, 4.6 Gy × 3f, 6.2 Gy×2f, and 10 Gy × 1f Patient: 3.7 Gy × 8f, 4.6 Gy × 6 f, 6.2 Gy × 4 f, and 10 Gy × 2 f	None	Induced the increase in CD8+ T cells and positive immune cytokine response.