TABLE 1.
Demographic and biochemical variables in subjects with and without type 2 diabetes (T2D). Data are means ± SEM
| Subjects without T2D (N = 40) | Subjects with T2D (N = 40) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sex (male/female) | 11/29 | 12/28 | .80 |
| Age (y) | 56.8 ± 0.9 | 57.1 ± 1.3 | .81 |
| BMI (kg m−2) | 27.5 ± 0.4 | 27.9 ± 0.6 | .60 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 87.9 ± 1.4 | 90.3 ± 1.6 | .20 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.4 ± 0.1 | 6.8 ± 0.1 | <.001 |
| Cholesterol (mmol L−1) | 5.3 ± 0.2 | 5.7 ± 0.2 | .15 |
| Triglycerides (mmol L−1) | 1.7 ± 0.2 | 2.1 ± 0.3 | .30 |
| Low‐density lipoprotein (mmol L−1) | 3.1 ± 0.1 | 3.4 ± 0.1 | .06 |
| High‐density lipoprotein (mmol L−1) | 1.6 ± 0.1 | 1.5 ± 0.1 | .20 |
| Plasma glucose (mmol L−1) | |||
| Baseline | 5.2 ± 0.1 | 7.9 ± 0.2 | <.001 |
| 2 h | 5.9 ± 0.2## | 15.0 ± 0.5### | <.001 |
| Serum insulin (mU L−1) | |||
| Baseline | 5.8 ± 0.3 | 8.3 ± 0.6 | .001 |
| 2 h | 25.8 ± 3.5### | 42.3 ± 5.0### | .004 |
| QUICKI | 0.37 ± 0.0029 | 0.33 ± 0.0032 | <.001 |
| SPISE | 5.90 ± 0.16 | 5.71 ± 0.23 | .48 |
| TyG | 8.69 ± 0.08 | 9.23 ± 0.11 | <.001 |
| Insulin/glucose ratio | |||
| Baseline | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 1.1 ± 0.1 | .24 |
| 2 h | 4.0 ± 0.5### | 3.0 ± 0.4### | .08 |
| Serum FGF‐19 (pg ml−1) | |||
| Baseline | 187.8 ± 14.3 | 244.6 ± 24.6 | .046 |
| 2 h | 235.0 ± 21.8# | 276.0 ± 43.5 | .39 |
| Serum total GLP‐1 (pmol L−1) | |||
| Baseline | 31.3 ± 4.0 | 26.5 ± 2.0 | .31 |
| 2 h | 60.7 ± 4.0#### | 47.2 ± 3.6#### | .02 |
Note: Differences in variables between the two groups were compared using unpaired Student's t test, except gender, which used Chi‐square analysis. Differences in measurements between baseline and 2 hours within each group were compared using paired Student's t test. P < .05 was considered significant. #P < .05, ##P < .01, ###P < .001, and #### P < 0.0001 indicate differences between baseline and 2 hours. n = 40 for both groups for all analyses, except n = 30, 28, and 39 for FGF‐19, GLP‐1, and insulin (and related QUICKI), respectively.
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; FGF‐19, fibroblast growth factor‐19; GLP‐1, glucagon‐like peptide‐1; QUICKI, quantitative insulin‐sensitivity check index; SPISE, single point insulin sensitivity estimator; TyG, triglycerides‐glucose index.