Table 1.

Different plant parts used in the traditional medical system

Plant species	Plant parts	Preparation/extraction	Administration mode	Ailments cured	Country	Refs.
Cynara scolymus	Leaves	Leaf extract	Oral intake	Jaundice	French	[67]
				Embittering alcoholic, soft drinks, herbal tea	Europe	[61]
				Biliary tract, digestive action, scurvy, anemia	Tunisia	[60]
	Root bark	Dried plant parts are boiled with water	Oral intake	Febrifuge	Australia	[61]
Arnica montana	Fresh flowers	Decoction tincture and oil rubbing	Tinctures Ointments	Antirheumatic, hematomas, sprains	Italy	[62] [68] [69]
	Roots, flowers, and leaves			Bruises/sprains/rheumatic pain/skin inflammation/wounds	Spain	[63] [64]
Spilanthes acmella	Flowers and leaves	Dried	Oral intake	Toothache and throat problems	India	[70]
				Muscle pain, Headache, toothache	Bangladesh	[66]
	Whole plant			Cough	Haryana, India	[71]
				Head infections, itchiness	Jamalpur District, Bangladesh	[66]
	Flowers			Toothache	Tamil Nadu, India	[72]
	Whole plant			Anti-cancer agent	Indonesia	[72]
	Flower			Toothach, dysentery	Saurashtra region, Gujarat, India	[73]
	Leaves and flowers			Leucorrhoea, toothache, anti-inflammatory, astringent, gums, dysentery, antibacterial, anemia	Bogra District, Bangladesh	[73]
	Juice of inflorescence			Ulcer in mouth	Karnataka, India	[74]
	Flowers tincture			Sialagogue	Sri Lanka	[74]
	Cold infusion flowers			Diuretic, urinary calculi	Uva Province Sri Lanka	[74]
	Entire plant			Snakebite, rheumatic fever	Nigeria	[75]
	Leaves			Soup	Betsimisaraka Tanala people Madagascar	[75]
				Alcoholic hangover	Brazil	[76] [77]
Taraxacum officinale	Roots in combination with other herbs	Dried	Powder	The analgesic reduces the burning feeling of urination and regulates its outflow	India	[78]
	Leaves		Infusion	Ailments of the liver and bile ducts, viral and bacterial infections, cancer	Mexico	[79] [80]
	Leaves and roots	Crushed into a slurry and administer orally or topically		Liver problems, diuretic	Himalaya	[81]
	Leaves and root		Used in salads, dried, and fermented into wine	Blood and bowels are free of impurities	USA	[82]
	Flower and leaves		Infusion	Refreshing and digestible	Italy	[83]
	Whole plant		Powder	Hypertension	Ghana	[84]
	Whole plant		Decoction	Various skin inflammations, anti-haemorrhoids	Italy	[85]
	Leaves and roots		Decoction	Malaria	Venezuela	[86]
	Flowers		Cooking the blooms with sugar yields 'honey.'	Antitussive	Croatia	[85]
	Aerial part & Leaves		Infusion, Eaten as salad	Depurative, hepatic, renal discomfort, gastric ulcer	Bolivia	[87]
	Leaves and flowers		Decoction	Depurative, eupeptic. Gastronomic use	Italy	[88]
	Leaves and flowers		cooked or served in a salad	Anti-diabetic, diuretic, cholagogue, laxative	Italy	[83]
	Whole plant		Decoction	Liver diseases	Italy	[89]
	Leaves		Usage with salad	Depurative	Russia	[90]
	Leaves and roots		Infusion	Diuretic kidney stones, renal depurative	Peru Bolivia	[91]
	Leaves and roots		Dried leaves infusion or freshly prepared infusion The toasted root	Kidney stones, hepatodepurative, depurative, diuretic	Colombia	[91]
	Aerial part		Raw or fried	Food	Slovakia	[92]
	Flowers, leaves, roots		Raw, cooked, or boiled	Diuretic, respiratory suppressant, hypotensive, astringent to the intestine	Italy	[93]
	Leaves		As just a salad ingredient, or blanched or cooked as a vegetable	Food	Serbia	[94]
	Flower Leaves		Infusion	Infections of the stomach, urinary tract, menstrual cycle, lungs treatment	Kosovo	[95]
	Flower Leaf Root		Infusion. Milk-based decoction	Diabetes, rheumatism, anemia, menstrual irregularities, blood purification, corpus purification, biliary tract purification, digestion, loss of appetite, liver problem	Bosnia and Herzegovina	[96]
	Leaves Roots		Decoction Cataplasms	Diabetic, digestive, diuretic, and tonic. Constipation, liver, spleen, cardiac swelling, rheumatic aches are treated with root paste	Pakistan
	The apical section of florets and the base leaves		As a snack or in salads, Roots that have been fried	Coffee alternative	Spain	[97]
	Leaves		The leaves are either fried in oil or simmered in water	Reduce the severity of hot flashes	Tibet	[98]
Melampodium	Leaves		Extract	Fever, malaria, flatulence, stomachache, colic, joint pain, muscle discomfort, palpitation, vertigo, rheumatism, jaundice, and anuria might occur Carminative and diuretic	Worldwide distribution	[99] [100]
	Leaves		Extract	Wound healing, antiulcer, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic		[101] [102]
Solidago	Whole plant		Fresh rhizomes	It's used to treat mouth and throat irritation, wounds and bleeding, urinary tract, nephritis, cystitis, and bladder malfunction, and it's also used in tea to help pass gallstones	Hungary	[103] [104]