Skip to main content
. 2022 Oct 7;22:305. doi: 10.1186/s12935-022-02721-9

Table 1.

Different plant parts used in the traditional medical system

Plant species Plant parts Preparation/extraction Administration mode Ailments cured Country Refs.
Cynara scolymus Leaves Leaf extract Oral intake Jaundice French [67]
Embittering alcoholic, soft drinks, herbal tea Europe [61]
Biliary tract, digestive action, scurvy, anemia Tunisia [60]
Root bark Dried plant parts are boiled with water Oral intake Febrifuge Australia [61]
Arnica montana Fresh flowers Decoction tincture and oil rubbing Tinctures Ointments Antirheumatic, hematomas, sprains Italy

[62]

[68]

[69]

Roots, flowers, and leaves Bruises/sprains/rheumatic pain/skin inflammation/wounds Spain

[63]

[64]

Spilanthes acmella Flowers and leaves Dried Oral intake Toothache and throat problems India [70]
Muscle pain, Headache, toothache Bangladesh [66]
Whole plant Cough Haryana, India [71]
Head infections, itchiness Jamalpur District, Bangladesh [66]
Flowers Toothache Tamil Nadu, India [72]
Whole plant Anti-cancer agent Indonesia [72]
Flower Toothach, dysentery Saurashtra region, Gujarat, India [73]
Leaves and flowers

Leucorrhoea, toothache,

anti-inflammatory, astringent, gums, dysentery, antibacterial, anemia

Bogra District,

Bangladesh

[73]
Juice of inflorescence Ulcer in mouth Karnataka, India [74]
Flowers tincture Sialagogue Sri Lanka [74]
Cold infusion flowers Diuretic, urinary calculi

Uva Province

Sri Lanka

[74]
Entire plant Snakebite, rheumatic fever Nigeria [75]
Leaves Soup

Betsimisaraka

Tanala people

Madagascar

[75]
Alcoholic hangover Brazil

[76]

[77]

Taraxacum officinale Roots in combination with other herbs Dried Powder The analgesic reduces the burning feeling of urination and regulates its outflow India [78]
Leaves Infusion Ailments of the liver and bile ducts, viral and bacterial infections, cancer Mexico

[79]

[80]

Leaves and roots Crushed into a slurry and administer orally or topically Liver problems, diuretic Himalaya [81]
Leaves and root Used in salads, dried, and fermented into wine Blood and bowels are free of impurities USA [82]
Flower and leaves Infusion Refreshing and digestible Italy [83]
Whole plant Powder Hypertension Ghana [84]
Whole plant Decoction Various skin inflammations, anti-haemorrhoids Italy [85]
Leaves and roots Decoction Malaria Venezuela [86]
Flowers Cooking the blooms with sugar yields 'honey.' Antitussive Croatia [85]
Aerial part & Leaves Infusion, Eaten as salad Depurative, hepatic, renal discomfort, gastric ulcer Bolivia [87]
Leaves and flowers Decoction Depurative, eupeptic. Gastronomic use Italy [88]
Leaves and flowers cooked or served in a salad Anti-diabetic, diuretic, cholagogue, laxative Italy [83]
Whole plant Decoction Liver diseases Italy [89]
Leaves Usage with salad Depurative Russia [90]
Leaves and roots Infusion Diuretic kidney stones, renal depurative Peru Bolivia [91]
Leaves and roots

Dried leaves infusion or freshly prepared infusion

The toasted root

Kidney stones, hepatodepurative, depurative, diuretic Colombia [91]
Aerial part Raw or fried Food Slovakia [92]
Flowers, leaves, roots Raw, cooked, or boiled Diuretic, respiratory suppressant, hypotensive, astringent to the intestine Italy [93]
Leaves As just a salad ingredient, or blanched or cooked as a vegetable Food Serbia [94]

Flower

Leaves

Infusion

Infections of the stomach,

urinary tract, menstrual cycle,

lungs treatment

Kosovo [95]

Flower

Leaf

Root

Infusion. Milk-based decoction Diabetes, rheumatism, anemia, menstrual irregularities, blood purification, corpus purification, biliary tract purification, digestion, loss of appetite, liver problem Bosnia and Herzegovina [96]

Leaves

Roots

Decoction Cataplasms Diabetic, digestive, diuretic, and tonic. Constipation, liver, spleen, cardiac swelling, rheumatic aches are treated with root paste Pakistan
The apical section of florets and the base leaves As a snack or in salads, Roots that have been fried Coffee alternative Spain [97]
Leaves The leaves are either fried in oil or simmered in water Reduce the severity of hot flashes Tibet [98]
Melampodium Leaves Extract

Fever, malaria, flatulence, stomachache, colic, joint pain, muscle discomfort, palpitation, vertigo, rheumatism, jaundice, and anuria might occur

Carminative and diuretic

Worldwide distribution

[99]

[100]

Leaves Extract Wound healing, antiulcer, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic

[101]

[102]

Solidago Whole plant Fresh rhizomes It's used to treat mouth and throat irritation, wounds and bleeding, urinary tract, nephritis, cystitis, and bladder malfunction, and it's also used in tea to help pass gallstones Hungary

[103]

[104]