Table 2.
Tested compound/source | Cancer tested model | Mechanisms of action | Refs. |
---|---|---|---|
Guaianolides (Cynara scolymus) Cynaropicrin | leukocyte cancer cells in vitro |
↓invasion ↓migration ↓metastasis |
[150] |
U937 cells in vitro |
↑apoptosis ↑cell cycle stall at the G1/S stage |
[151] | |
DU145 human prostate cancer cells in vitro |
↑anti-apoptotic genes ↑Bcl-2, ↓IL-6, ↓STAT3 ↓intracellular GSH |
[152] | |
Keratinocytes cells in vitro |
↓TrxR ↓NF-κB |
[132] | |
Pseudoguaianolides (Arnica montana) Helenalin |
A2780 human ovarian cancer cells RKO colon carcinoma cancer cells MCF-7 breast adenocarcinoma cancer cells in vitro |
↑autophagic cell death ↑caspase activity |
[153] |
Eudesmanolide (Spilanthes acmella and Taraxacum officinale) |
MCF-7 breast cancer cells in vitro |
↓ metastasis ↓colony formation |
[154] |
HEP-2 HT-29 liver cancer cells in vitro |
↓ROS ↑apoptosis ↓cancer cells growth |
[155] | |
DLA Dalton’s lymphoma ascites cells V79 Chinese hamster lung carcinoma in vitro |
↑DNA damage ↓ROS |
[156] | |
MCF-7AZ breast cancer cells LNCap prostate cancer cells in vitro |
↓cancer cells growth ↓PI3K/AKT |
[157] [141] |
|
A375 human melanoma cells in vitro |
↑apoptosis ↑caspase-8 |
[144] | |
SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells in vitro |
↑cytotoxic activity | ||
mice in vivo |
↓tumor size | [157] | |
Melampodinin A (Melampodium spp.) |
PC-3 DU145 Hela in vitro |
seizure of the cell cycle at the G2/M stage ↑abnormal mitotic spindle cycle ↑cytotoxicity |
[145] |
Germacrene (Solidago spp.) germacrene D |
Hepg2 liver carcinoma cells breast MCF7 carcinoma cells cervix Hela carcinoma cells in vitro |
↑cytotoxic activity | [147] |
SMMC- 7721 SGC-7901 Hela in vitro |
↑cytotoxic activity | [158] |
Symbols: ↑increase, ↓decrease