TABLE 1.

Baseline sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of participants and comparison between groups

	Group A N  = 21	Group B N   = 22	P value
Age (years), mean (SD)	59.4 (12.2)	63.0 (11.3)	0.301 b
Body mass index, mean (SD)	29.2 (3.7)	29.6 (5.3)	0.970 a
Surgery (lumpectomy/mastectomy)	9/12 (42.9%)	7/15 (31.9%)	0.536 c
Radiotherapy (yes/no)	18/3 (85.7%)	18/4 (81.8%)	1.000 c
Years since lymph node dissection, mean (SD)	8.2 (7.2)	8.7 (10.2)	0.677 b
Lymph nodes removed, mean (SD)	17.3 (6.4)	21.0 (8.1)	0.110 b
Phase of lymphedema (IIA/IIB)	4/17 (19.0%)	6/16 (27.3%)	0.720 c
Volume difference between upper limbs (%), mean (SD)	18.2% (10.5)	19.0% (12.2)	0.779 a
Years with lymphedema, mean (SD)	5.8 (5.75)	8.4 (8.3)	0.386 b
Lymphedema in right/left upper limb	14/7 (66.7%)	12/10 (54.5%)	0.536 c
Dominant upper‐limb lymphedema (yes/no)	15/6 (71.4%)	12/10 (54.5%)	0.347 c
Compression garment (yes/no)	16/5 (76.2%)	16/6 (72.7%)	1.000 c
Gauntlet (yes/no)	9/12 (42.9%)	6/16 (27.3%)	0.347 c
Pain (0–5), mean (SD)	1.0 (1.0)	1.5 (1.4)	0.331 b
Tightness (0–5), mean (SD)	1.9 (1.1)	1.9 (1.5)	0.898 b
Heaviness (0–5), mean (SD)	2.4 (1.4)	1.9 (1.3)	0.271 b
Hardness (0–5), mean (SD)	1.9 (1.2)	1.8 (1.5)	0.589 b
DASH (0–100), mean (SD)	42.0 (15.9)	39.5 (20.7)	0.609 b
Flexion of shoulder (degrees), mean (SD)	138.0 (28.5)	131.0 (30.3)	0.324 a
Extension of shoulder (degrees), mean (SD)	45.0 (13.2)	43.1 (8.0)	0.394 a
Abduction of shoulder (degrees), mean (SD)	125.7 (36.6)	123.3 (42.8)	0.715 a
Flexion of elbow (degrees), mean (SD)	143.9 (3.5)	142.2 (5.4)	0.380 a
Extension of elbow (degrees), mean (SD)	10.6 (7.3)	11.8 (7.0)	0.670 a
Flexion of wrist (degrees), mean (SD)	71.0 (10.2)	70.2 (9.3)	0.932 a
Extension or wrist (degrees), mean (SD)	55.2 (15.9)	56.4 (13.0)	0.817

Abbreviation: DASH, Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand.

^a Student's t test for independent samples.

^b Mann–Whitney U test.

^c Pearson's chi‐squared test.