Table 1.
Phenotypic traits of dams and pups during lactation
| A) Dams | CON | WD | REV |
|---|---|---|---|
| LD5 | |||
| Body weight [g] | 285 ± 9 | 284 ± 8 | 291 ± 10 |
| Fat mass [g] | 31.6 ± 2.8 a | 48.6 ± 4.7 b | 52.1 ± 6.3 b |
| [%] | 11.1 ± 0.9 a | 16.9 ± 1.2 b | 17.6 ± 1.6 b |
| LD21 | |||
| Body weight [g] | 304 ± 9 a | 283 ± 5 b | 311 ± 7 a |
| Fat mass [g] | 30 ± 2 a | 32 ± 2 a | 41 ± 4 b |
| [%] | 9.7 ± 0.8 a | 11.3 ± 0.7 ab | 13.2 ± 1.0 b |
| Δ Body weight | |||
| (from LD5 to LD21 [g]) | 36.0 ± 4.4 a | −3.4 ± 5.2 b | 26.1 ± 6.6 a |
| Δ Fat mass | |||
| (from LD5 to LD21 [g]) | −2.1 ± 1.4 a | −16.6 ± 3.2 b | −10.8 ± 3.0 b |
| (From LD5 to LD21 [%]) | −1.3 ± 0.4 a | −5.6 ± 0.8 b | −4.4 ± 0.8 b |
| Mammary gland [g] | 6.51 ± 0.53 | 7.82 ± 0.49 | 7.58 ± 0.35 |
| Retroperitoneal WAT [g] | 2.35 ± 0.26 a | 2.98 ± 0.24 ab | 3.73 ± 0.49 b |
| Insulin [µg L–1] | 1.39 ± 0.25 a | 2.20 ± 0.30 b | 1.38 ± 0.21 a |
| Leptin [pg mL–1] | 1130 ± 215 a | 1645 ± 200 ab | 1956 ± 219 b |
| Adiponectin [ng mL–1] | 5440 ± 1656 | 6091 ± 1310 | 7571 ± 1254 |
| NEFA (nmol µL–1] | 0.25 ± 0.05 a | 0.40 ± 0.05 b | 0.27 ± 0.03 a |
| B) Pups | CON | WD | REV | Two‐way ANOVA | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Males | Females | Males | Females | Males | Females | ||
| PND1 | |||||||
| Body weight [g] | 6.9 ± 0.1 a | 6.5 ± 0.1 | 6.9 ± 0.1 a | 6.5 ± 0.2 | 6.5 ± 0.1 b | 6.3 ± 0.1 | – |
| PND15 | |||||||
| A | B | C | S, MD | ||||
| Body weight [g] | 28.0 ± 0.4 | 26.9 ± 0.4 | 31.7 ± 0.5 | 30.5 ± 0.4 | 26.4 ± 0.6 | 26.0 ± 0.4 | |
| Glucose [mg dL–1] | 115 ± 3 | 117 ± 5 | 123 ± 4 | 127 ± 4 | 119 ± 2 | 121 ± 3 | – |
| A | B | A | MD | ||||
| Leptin [pg mL–1] | 437 ± 69 | 396 ± 63 | 1373 ± 239 | 1537 ± 279 | 543 ± 63 | 460 ± 84 | |
| PND21 | |||||||
| A | B | C | S, MD | ||||
| Body weight [g] | 40.7 ± 0.7 | 39.1 ± 0.6 | 49.0 ± 0.6 | 46.4 ± 0.7 | 37.3 ± 0.8 | 36.2 ± 0.6 | |
| A | B | C | MD | ||||
| Fat mass [g] | 3.0 ± 0.1 | 2.9 ± 0.1 | 6.4 ± 0.2 | 6.2 ± 0.2 | 2.5 ± 0.1 | 2.5 ± 0.1 | |
| A | B | C | MD | ||||
| [%] | 7.2 ± 0.2 | 7.4 ± 0.2 | 13.2 ± 0.3 | 13.4 ± 0.3 | 6.8 ± 0.3 | 6.7 ± 0.3 | |
| A | B | C | S, MD | ||||
| Δ Body weight (from PND1 to PND21 [g]) | 33.8 ± 0.7 | 32.3 ± 0.6 | 41.9 ± 0.7 | 40.2 ± 0.6 | 31.1 ± 0.7 | 30.3 ± 0.6 | |
| A | B | A | MD | ||||
| Glucose [mg dL–1] | 139 ± 3 | 137 ± 4 | 151 ± 3 | 147 ± 5 | 135 ± 4 | 137 ± 4 | |
| A | B | A | S, MD | ||||
| Leptin [pg mL–1] | 1374 ± 146 | 1364 ± 125 | 4476 ± 454 | 3234 ± 344 | 1597 ± 220 | 1094 ± 129 | |
Phenotypic traits of CON‐, WD‐, and REV‐dams during lactation (n = 8–10) (A), and of their male and female offspring. During the suckling period (n = 18–26 for body weight‐related parameters, and n = 8–10 for glucose and leptin levels) (B). Data are mean ± SEM. Statistics: two‐way ANOVA was performed to analyze the effects of sex and/or maternal diet, and one‐way ANOVA was carried out to determine differences between groups. ANOVA was followed by a LSD post hoc test. Symbols: S, effect of sex; MD, effect of maternal diet; A ≠ B ≠ C (p < 0.05, two‐way ANOVA); a ≠ b (p < 0.05, one‐way ANOVA). ANOVA, analysis of variance; CON, control; LD, lactation day; LSD, least significant difference; NEFA, non‐esterified fatty acids; PND, postnatal day; REV, reversion; SEM, standard error of the mean; WAT, white adipose tissue; WD, western diet.