TABLE 3.
Biological activities of Myristica fragrans essential oil and its bioactive components
| Biological activities | MFEO/active constituent | In vitro/in vivo | Target/ model | Control(s) | IC50/dosage | Results/remarks | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Antioxidant activity | MFEO | In vitro | DPPH assay | Negative: Ethanol | EC50: 1.35 mg/ml | Good antioxidant activity observed after 20 min incubation | Nikolic et al. (2021) |
| Antioxidant activity |
Elemicin 4‐terpineol Myristicin |
In vitro | DPPH (Trolox equivalents) assay | Negative: Methanol |
IC50:11.78 μM/g IC50:1.48 μM/g IC50:3.24 μM/g |
The most potential antioxidant compound in the DPPH test was elemicin | Adiani, Gupta, Chatterjee, Variyar, and Sharma (2015) |
| Antioxidant activity | MFEO | In vitro | DPPH assay | Negative: Ethanol | 0.2–20% concentration | Antioxidant activity was increased in a dose‐dependent manner. | Matulyte et al. (2020) |
| Antibacterial activity | MFEO | In vitro | Pasteurella multocida, E. faecalis, and S. mutans | Negative: DMSO | MIC: 0.2–1.0% | The concentration 0.2%, 0.5%, and 1% effectively suppress the growth of P. multocida, E. faecalis, and S. mutans, respectively. | Matulyte et al. (2020) |
| Antibacterial activity | MFEO | In vitro | Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 | Positive: Gentamicin | MIC: 2.5% | MFEO have 10.89 mm inhibitory effects at 2.5% | Ansory, Fitriani, and Nilawati. (2020) |
| Antibacterial activity | MFEO | In vitro | Bacillus cereus, L. Monocytogenes, and Micrococcus luteus | Negative: DMSO |
MIC: 83.3 μg/ml MIC: 79.2 μg/ml MIC: 88.1 μg/ml |
The inhibition zone was 8.1, 9.0, and 8.2 mm, with the best inhibitory effect against B. cereus, L. monocytogenes, and M. luteus. | Purkait et al. (2018) |
| Antimicrobial activity | MFEO | In vitro | B. subtilis, C. albicans, E. aerogenes, E. faecalis, E. durans, E. faecium, E. coli, K. pneumoniae, and L. innocua, | – | MIC: 3.2 μg/ml −12.5 μg/ml | MFEO had displayed significant antimicrobial activity against all the microorganism. | Özkan et al. (2018) |
| Antibacterial activity | MFEO | In vitro | S. aureus, B. subtilis, E. coli, S. typhi, K. pneumonia, P. aeruginosa, and B. pumilus | Negative: Sterile water |
MIC: 0.05% MBC: 0.1% |
MFEO inhibited both Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria equally well | Cui et al. (2015) |
| Antifungal activity | MFEO | In vitro | Aspergillus flavus and A. ochraceus | Negative: Ethanol |
MIC: 0.1% MIC: 0.3% |
A. flavus and A. ochraceus growth were suppressed by 43 and 65%, respectively, at a concentration of 0.1% of MFEO. 0.3% inhibited A. flavus and A. ochraceus growth by 84 and 79%, correspondingly |
Valente et al. (2015) |
| Antifungal activity | MFEO | In vitro | Candida tropicalis ATCC 13803, C. krusei ATCC 6258, C. albicans ATCC 90028, C. glabrata ATCC 90030, C. parapsilosis ATCC 22019, C. albicans | Negative: Sterile water |
MIC: 0.31–2.5 μg/ml MBC: 0.31–2.5 μg/ml |
Inhibition zone ranged between 8.3 and 30 mm with anticandidal activity against all tested Candida sp. | Thileepan et al. (2018) |
| Antimicrobial activity | MFEO | In vitro | C. albicans ATCC2091, S. aureus ATCC 25923, B. cereus ATCC 11778, B. luteus, E. coli ATCC 25922, K. pneumoniae ATCC 700603 | Positive: Nystatin | MIC: 0.1% | The inhibition zone was 28, 14, 14, 23, 14, and 15 mm with the best inhibitory effect against C. albicans, S. aureus, B. cereus, B. luteus, E. coli, and K. pneumoniae, respectively | Nikolic et al. (2021) |
| Antimalarial activity | MFEO | In vitro | Plasmodium falciparum D6 | – | MIC: 16 μg/ml | MFEO showed some antimicrobial activities | Ibrahim et al. (2020) |
| Fumigant activity | MFEO | In vivo | Callosobruchus maculatus | Negative: Untreated beans | LC50: 30 μl/L for 24 hr | 100% mortality of adults C. maculatus were observed | Alibabaie and Safaralizadeh (2015) |
|
Larvicidal activity |
MFEO | In vivo | Aedes aegypti | Negative: Distilled water |
LC50: 110.1 μg/ml for 24 hr |
Significant larvicidal activity was noticed | Carolina and Maman (2016) |
| Insecticidal activity | MFEO | In vivo | Lasioderma serricorne | Negative: Hexane | LD50: 19.3 mg/adult for 24 hr | MFEO exhibited strong contact toxicity against L. serricorne | Shu‐Shan et al. (2014) |
| Insecticidal activity | Elemicin | In vivo | Lasioderma serricorne | Negative: Hexane | LD50: 9.8 mg/adult for 24 hr | Elemicin showed strong contact toxicity against L. serricorne | Shu‐Shan et al. (2014) |
| Insecticidal activity | MFEO | In vivo | Chrysomya albiceps and Musca domestica | – | LC50: 2.2 μg/ml LC50: 8.6 μg/ml | Topical application of MFEO was toxic to C. albiceps and M. domestica | Cossetin et al. (2021) |
Note: Not reported; EC₅₀, Half maximal effective concentration; IC₅₀, Half maximal inhibitory concentration; MFEO, Myristica fragrans essential oil; LC50, Lethal concentration 50%; LD50, Lethal dose 50%; MIC, Minimum inhibition concentration; MBC, Minimum bactericide concentration.