Table 1.
Clinical and nutritional characteristics of the population
| Total | Secretor | Non‐secretor | p‐value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 101) | (n = 76) | (n = 25) | ||
| Maternal data | ||||
| Maternal age [years] | 34.78 ± 3.90 | 34.8 ± 4# | 34.72 ± 3.5 | 0.996 |
| Pre‐pregnancy BMI [kg m−2] | 22.6 (20.8–25.5) | 22.6 (20.8–25.4) | 22.8 (20.8–26.4) | 0.750 |
| REE [kcal per day] | 1593 (1508–1708) | 1591 (1519–1706) | 1617 (1471–1812) | 0.997 |
| Gestational age [weeks] | 40 (39–40) | 40 (39–40) | 40 (39–40) | 0.763 |
| Gestational weight gain [kg] | 12 (9.5–14.25) | 12 (10–14) | 12 (9.0–15.5) | 0.708 |
| Intrapartum antibiotic | 40 (39.6%) | 29 (38.2%) | 11 (44%) | 0.386 |
| Antibiotics during pregnancy | 30 (29.7%) | 22 (28.9%) | 8 (32%) | 0.478 |
| Delivery mode | ||||
| Vaginal | 64 (63.4%) | 49 (64.4%) | 15 (60%) | 0.431 |
| C‐section | 37 (37.6%) | 27 (35.6%) | 10 (40%) | |
| Infant birth weight [g] | 3300 (3022–3570) | 3308 (3021–3565) | 3280 (2990–3670) | 0.953 |
| Gender | ||||
| Female | 55 (54.5%) | 38 (50%) | 17 (68%) | 0.090 |
| Male | 46 (45.5%) | 38 (50%) | 8 (32%) | |
| Exclusive breastfeeding | 86 (85.15%) | 65 (85.5%) | 21 (84%) | >0.999 |
| Dietary dataa) | ||||
| Energy [kcal per day] | 2587 (2207–2988) | 2505 (2204–2951) | 2782 (2318–3105) | 0.294 |
| Total protein [g] | 121.5 (93.3–138.6) | 114.2 (95.6–136.7) | 129.7 (108.5–152.7) | 0.090 |
| Animal source | 66.2 (52.9–85.2) | 63.9 (50.6–81.3) | 76.0 (58.2–91.93) | 0.061 |
| Vegetable source | 45.7 (39.4–56.8) | 45.7 (39.7–55.3) | 48.3 (36.5–58.5) | 0.776 |
| Total lipids [g] | 114.4 (97.8–136.6) | 113.6 (94.4–136.2) | 123.4 (107.8–144.6) | 0.130 |
| SFA | 32.0 (28.0–40.2) | 31.6 (27.8–37.2) | 34.7 (29.6–43.2) | 0.169 |
| MUFA | 54.6 (46.9–64.0) | 54.5 (46.9–63.7) | 55.73 (47.3–66.2) | 0.601 |
| PUFA | 19.0 (15.2–24.1) | 18.4 (15.5–23.5) | 21.0 (16.1–27.5) | 0.227 |
| Total carbohydrates [g] | 258.2 (200.5–296.7) | 257.5 (01.4–295.5) | 270.3 (198.1–327.9) | 0.601 |
| Polysaccharides [g] | 132.1(105.2–158.0) | 132.1 (104.7–150.1) | 131.0 (104.9–172.2) | 0.504 |
| Glucose [g] | 9.1 (6.6–12.2) | 9.1 (6.6–12.8) | 8.5 (6.9–11.7) | 0.701 |
| Lactose [g] | 10.1 (5.8–20.1) | 10.1 (6.5–20.1) | 10.1 (2.9–20.2) | 0.973 |
| Fructose [g] | 9.4 (7.0–12.5) | 9.4 (6.7–13.4) | 9.1 (7.3–12.0) | 0.744 |
| Galactose [g] | 0.25 (0.16–0.39) | 0.26 (0.16–0.4) | 0.2 (0.1–0.34) | 0.165 |
| Dietary fiber [g] | 34.8(28.6–42.7) | 33.7 (27.8–41.7) | 37.3 (30.4–46.4) | 0.173 |
| Insoluble fiber [g] | 21.42 (16.67–27.8) | 20.87 (16.31–26.19) | 23.45 (17.7–32.1) | 0.219 |
| Soluble fiber [g] | 3.92 (3.23–5.34) | 3.63 (3.19–5.34) | 4.53 (3.26–5.45) | 0.334 |
| (Poly)phenols [mg] | 1684.7 (1303.6–2033.6) | 682.6 (1289.5–1981.1) | 1713.0 (1328.2–2283.4) | 0.725 |
Categorical variables are presented as positive cases (percentage of total population) and significant difference between them tested by Fisher's exact test. Differences in quantitative variables between groups were assessed by Mann–Whitney U test and p < 0.05 was considered as significant. #, two samples with missing data; REE, resting energy expenditure.
a) n = 4 participants were removed from the dietary data analysis for over reporting (considered as an energy intake higher than 2.6 time than the average resting energy expenditure [REE] rate of the population calculated according Hronek et al.[ 27 ]