TABLE 3.
Anticancer effects of CK micelles/derivatives
| Material Type | Study Type | Model | Effects (compared to CK) | Key Indicators | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GC‐CK conjugate | In vitro | HT29, HepG2, and HT22 cells | solubility↑, targeted delivery↑, cytotoxicity↑ |
1. The stability of GC–CK4 conjugates was maintained for 8 days. 2. GC–CK exhibited significantly higher or similar cytotoxicity compared with CK in HT29 and HepG2 cells, and slightly lower toxicity than CK on HT22 cells |
Mathiyalagan et al. (2014) |
| DCY51T‐AuCKNps | In vitro | A549 cells, HT29 cells | cytotoxicity↑, apoptosis↑ |
1. DCY51T‐AuCKNps showed preferential cytotoxicity against A549 and HT29 cells compared to free CK. 2. DCY51T‐AuCKNps increased apoptosis in cancer cells compared to RAW264.7 cells |
Kim et al. (2019) |
| CK AP / TPGS | In vitro and in vivo | A549 cells, A549 lung cancer xenograft mouse model | targeted delivery↑, proliferation↓, apoptosis↑ |
1. IC50 of free CK and CK mixed micelles at 24 h: 16.11±1.23, 10.29±1.17 μg/ml, respectively. 2. Apoptosis index: free CK 17.28%±2.25%, CK mixed micelles 45%±5.25%. |
Zhang et al. (2017) |
| CK PC / DP | In vitro and in vivo | A549 cells, A549 lung cancer xenograft mouse model | solubility↑, permeability↑, apoptosis↑, anti‐invasion↑ |
1. Solubility increased almost 66‐fold: CK 33.15 ± 3.82μg/ml, CK PC/DP micelles 2,215.67 ± 166.39 μg/ml. 2. IC50 of free CK and CK PC/DP micelles at 24 h: 18.31 and 12.15 μg/ml, respectively. 3. Percentage of cells in G1 phase: free CK 31.54% ±2.48%, CK PC/DP micelles 39.27% ±4.39%. |
Jin, Yang, et al. (2018) |
| CK‐TPGS/PEG‐PCL | In vitro and in vivo | A549 cells, PC‐9 cells, A549 lung cancer xenograft mouse model | solubility↑, apoptosis↑, anti‐invasion↑ |
1. IC50 of CK and CK‐TPGS/PEG‐PCL in A549 cells: 21.97±1.50 and 25.43±2.18 μg/ml, respectively. 2. IC50 of CK and CK‐TPGS/PEG‐PCL in PC‐9 cells: 14.46±1.24 and 18.35±1.90 μg/ml, respectively. |
Yang et al. (2017) |
| CK‐NPs | In vitro | HepG2 cells | solubility↑, cytotoxicity↑, apoptosis↑ |
1. IC50 of CK and CK‐NPs in HepG2 cells: 23.33 and 16.58 μg/ml, respectively. 2. Percentages of apoptotic cells treated with CK and CK‐NPs: 39.02 ± 0.42% and 47.57 ± 1.65%, respectively. |
Zhang, Zhang, et al. (2018) |
| APD‐CK | In vitro | HepG2 cells, Huh‐7 cells | cytotoxicity↑, apoptosis↑ | IC50 of CK and APD‐CK micelles: after 24 h, 33.62 and 19.35 µg/ml, respectively. after 48 h, 28.19 and 16.32 µg/ml, respectively. | Zhang, Jiang, et al. (2020) |
| CK‐OCMC Nps | In vitro | PC3 cells | solubility and stability, permeability, cytotoxicity↑, apoptosis↑ |
1. Cell viability after 24 h of incubation with CK–OCMC Nps (30 μg/ml) and CK (30 μg/ml): 12.11 ± 5.33% and 29.28 ± 4.84%, respectively. 2. CK–OCMC enhanced the levels of caspase‐3 and caspase‐9 by 29.93% and 20.78% compared with free CK. |
Zhang et al. (2021) |