Table 4.

Results from the main simulation study with genetic associations ( β ‐coefficients and standard errors) rounded to three decimal places

Parameter	Method	Pruning	Mean	SD	Mean SE	Power
${\theta }_1$	MV‐IVW	0.4	0.305	0.165	0.147	57.6
		0.6	0.200	0.138	0.090	59.7
	MV‐LIML	0.4	0.341	0.187	0.162	59.4
		0.6	0.302	0.192	0.099	75.6
	MV‐IVW‐PCA	–	0.296	0.130	0.119	69.2
	MV‐LIML‐PCA	–	0.346	0.153	0.130	74.7
${\theta }_2$	MV‐IVW	0.4	−0.013	0.165	0.148	7.3
		0.6	−0.012	0.131	0.090	15.1
	MV‐LIML	0.4	−0.009	0.190	0.163	7.1
		0.6	−0.001	0.183	0.099	24.4
	MV‐IVW‐PCA	–	−0.013	0.129	0.119	7.1
	MV‐LIML‐PCA	–	−0.006	0.154	0.130	8.8
${\theta }_3$	MV‐IVW	0.4	−0.487	0.166	0.148	87.5
		0.6	−0.330	0.145	0.090	89.3
	MV‐LIML	0.4	−0.529	0.189	0.164	88.4
		0.6	−0.459	0.195	0.099	94.3
	MV‐IVW‐PCA	–	−0.476	0.131	0.119	96.0
	MV‐LIML‐PCA	–	−0.536	0.152	0.131	96.9

Note: Mean estimates, standard deviation (SD) of estimates, mean standard error (mean SE) of estimates, and empirical power of the 95% confidence interval to estimate ${\theta }_1=0.4$, ${\theta }_2=0$, and ${\theta }_3=-0.6$.