TABLE 1.
Baseline characteristics of included studies
| Author and year | Intervention | Control | Follow‐up duration (weeks) | Sample size | Age (years) | Male (%) | Diabetes duration (years) | BMI | HbA1c (%) | eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) | SBP (mmHg) | Albuminuria category | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bergenstal 2010 | Exenatide2 mg/week | Pioglitazone | 26 |
Total n = 325Exenatide n = 160control n = 165 |
52.5 ± 10 | 51.7 | 6.0 ± 5.0 | 32.0 ± 5.5 | 8.6 ± 1.1 | NR | 126.5 ± 14 | NR | 24 |
| Zhang 2012 |
Exenatide 5 mg BD to 10 mg BD |
Glimepiride | 16 |
Total n = 31Exenatide n = 13control n = 18 |
51.2 ± 14.5 | 74.2 | 4.1 ± 3.0 | 24.8 ± 2.0 | 8.9 ± 0.9 | NR | 137.7 ± 14.0 | Micro | 28 |
| Derosa 2013 |
Exenatide 5 mg BD to 10 mg BD |
Placebo | 52 | Total n = 171Exenatide n = 86 control n = 85 | 57.0 ± 7.5 | 51.5 | 0.6 ± 0.3 | 31.8 ± 1.6 | 8.0 ± 0.7 | NR | 132.2 ± 7.3 | Micro | 21 |
| Davies 2015 | Liraglutide 1.8 mg/day or 3.0 mg/day | Placebo | 56 | Total n = 846Liraglutide n = 634control n = 212 | 54.9 ± 10.6 | 50.2 | 7.3 ± 5.4 | 37.2 ± 6.7 | 7.9 ± 0.8 | NR | 129.4 ± 13.8 | Normo | 27 |
| Miyagawa 2015 | Dulaglutide 0.75 mg/week | Placebo | 26 |
Total n = 350 Dulaglutide n = 280control n = 70 |
57.3 ± 9.3 | 80.9 | 6.7 ± 5.5 | 25.5 ± 3.5 | 8.2 ± 0.8 | NR | NR | Normo | 30 |
| Pfeffer 2015 | Lixisenatide10 mg/day to 20 mg/day | Placebo | 108 |
Total n = 6068Lixisenatide n = 3034 control n = 3034 |
60.3 ± 9.7 | 69.3 | 9.3 ± 8.3 | 30.2 ± 5.7 | 7.7 ± 1.3 | 75.5 ± 21.4 | 129.5 ± 17.0 | Normo | 9 |
| Von Scholten 2015 | Liraglutide 1.2 mg/day or 1.8 mg/day | Untreated | 52 |
Total n = 30Liraglutide n = 23Liraglutide n = 7 |
61.5 ± 9.9 | 73.3 | 6.8 ± 11.1 | 31.9 ± 4.5 | 7.6 ± 1.3 | 98.6 ± 25.0 | 133.3 ± 12.6 | Macro | 29 |
| Davies 2016 | Liraglutide 1.8 mg | Placebo | 26 |
Total n = 277Liraglutide n = 140 control n = 137 |
67.2 ± 8.2 | 50.5 | 15.1 ± 8.3 | 33.9 ± 5.4 | 8.0 ± 0.8 | 45.4 ± 10.9 | 136.0 ± 14.6 | Macro | 25 |
| Tonneijick 2016 | Exenatide 10 mg | Placebo | 0 |
Total n = 52 Exenatide n = 24 control n = 28 |
62.6 ± 7.1 | 75.0 | 7.0 ± 5.4 | 31.1 ± 4.1 | 7.3 ± 0.7 | 91.9 ± 20.2 | 135.1 ± 14.6 | Normo | 18 |
| Tonneijick Renal 2016 | Liraglutide 1.8 mg/day | Placebo | 12 |
Total n = 36Liraglutide n = 19control n = 17 |
63.0 ± 7.0 | 75.0 | 7.5 ± 6.0 | 31.4 ± 3.0 | 7.4 ± 0.7 | 80.9 ± 16.4 | 137.1 ± 15.8 | Normo | 33 |
| Bouchi 2017 | Liraglutide 0.3 mg to 0.9 mg/day | Insulin | 36 |
Total n = 17Liraglutide n = 8control n = 9 |
58.6 ± 18.9 | 47.0 | NR | 28.0 ± 2.4 | 8.0 ± 0.6 | 68.5 ± 23.7 | 138.8 ± 16.9 | Micro | 32 |
| Mann 2017 | Liraglutide 1.8 mg/day | Placebo | 208 |
Total n = 9340Liraglutide n = 4668 control n = 4672 |
64.3 ± 7.2 | 64.2 | 12.9 ± 8.0 | 32.5 ± 6.3 | 8.7 ± 1.6 | 80.4 ± NR | 135.9 ± 17.7 | Micro | 10 |
| Tonneijick 2017 | Lixisenatide10 mg/day to 20 mg/day | Insulin Glulisine | 8 |
Total n = 35Lixisenatide n = 17control n = 18 |
61.5 ± 7.0 | 65.7 | 12.5 ± 6.8 | 31.5 ± 4.0 | 8.0 ± 9.2 | 85.4 ± 11.9 | 134.0 ± 15.9 | Normo | 31 |
| Von Scholten 2017 | Liraglutide 1.8 mg/day | Placebo | 12 |
Total n = 54 Liraglutide n = 27control n = 27 |
65.0 ± 7.0 | 81.0 | 15.0 ± 7.0 | 31.9 ± 5.0 | 7.8 ± 1.1 | 75.7 ± 22.7 | 135.0 ± 18.0 | Macro | 20 |
| Tuttle 2018 | Dulaglutide0.75 mg or 1.5 mg/day | Insulin glargine | 52 |
Total n = 576Dulaglutide n = 382 control n = 194 |
64.6 ± 8.6 | 52.3 | 18.1 ± 8.7 | 32.5 ± 5.2 | 8.6 ± 1.0 | 38.3 ± 14.2 | 136.9 ± 14.3 | Micro | 19 |
| Gerstein 2019 | Dulaglutide 1.5 mg/day | Placebo | 260 |
Total n = 9901Dulaglutide n = 4949control n = 4952 |
66.2 ± 6.5 | 53.7 | 10.6 ± 7.2 | 32.3 ± 5.7 | 7.4 ± 1.1 | 76.9 ± 22.8 | 137.2 ± 16.8 | Normo | 12 |
| Mosenzon 2019 | Oral semaglutide 14 mg/day | Placebo | 26 |
Total n = 324Semaglutide n = 163control n = 161 |
70.0 ± 8.0 | 48.0 | 14.0 ± 8.0 | 32.4 ± 5.4 | 8.0 ± 0.7 | 48.0 ± 10.0 | 137.5 ± NR | Normo | 26 |
| Wang 2019 | Dulaglutide0.75 mg or 1.5 mg/day | Insulin glargine | 52 |
Total n = 25Dulaglutide n = 16 control n = 9 |
61.9 ± 9.5 | 60.0 | NR | 25.0 ± 2.5 | 8.7 ± 1.3 | NR | 134.1 ± 13.0 | Normo | 23 |
| Nakaguchi 2020 | Liraglutide 0.9 mg/day | Empagliflozin | 24 |
Total n = 61Liraglutide n = 30control n = 31 |
66.7 ± 9.2 | 68.8 | 18.9 ± 9.9 | 26.1 ± 4.3 | 8.06 ± 0.8 | 65.2 ± 20.7 | 138.8 ± 17.3 | Micro | 22 |
| Gerstein 2021 | Efpeglenatide 4 or 6 mg | Placebo | 94 | Total n = 4076Efpeglenatide n = 2717 control n = 1359 | 64.5 ± 8.2 | 67.0 | 15.4 ± 8.8 | 32.7 ± 6.2 | 8.9 ± 1.5 | 72.4 ± 22.4 | 134.9 ± 15.5 | Normo | 13 |
| Van Ruiten 2021 |
Exenatide 10 μg BD |
Placebo | 16 |
Total n = 34 Exenatide n = 17 Control n = 7 |
63.2 ± 6.7 | 71.0 | 9.8 ± 6.5 | 32.1 ± 5.4 | 8.1 ± 3.2 | 84.9 ± 12.4 | 133.3 ± 12.0 | Normo | μ35 |
| Man 2020 SUSTAIN 1 | Semaglutide 0.5 mg or 1 mg | Placebo | 30 |
Total n = 387 Semaglutide n = 158 Placebo n = 129 |
53.7 ± 11.3 | 54.3 | 1.9 ± 4.2 | 32.9 ± 7.7 | 8.1 ± 0.9 | 99.0 ± 26.4 | 128.8 ± 13.2 | Normo | 34 |
| Man 2020 SUSTAIN 2 | Semagltide 0.5 mg or 1.0 mg | Sitagliptin 100 mg | 56 |
Total n = 1225 Semaglutide n = 818 Sitagliptin n = 407 |
55.1 ± 10.7 | 50.6 | 5.4 ± 4.6 | 32.5 ± 6.2 | 8.1 ± 0.9 | 100.0 ± 23.1 | 132.7 ± 14.9 | Normo | 34 |
| Man 2020 SUSTAIN 3 | Semaglutide 1.0 mg | Exenatide XR 2.0 mg | 56 |
Total n = 809 Semaglutide n = 404 Exenatide n = 405 |
56.6 ± 10.7 | 55.3 | 8.1 ± 5.7 | 33.8 ± 6.7 | 8.3 ± 1.0 | 100.5 ± 23.6 | 133.5 ± 14.6 | Normo | 34 |
| Man 2020 SUSTAIN 4 | Semagltutide 0.5 mg or 1.0 mg | Insulin glargine | 30 |
Total n = 1082 Semaglutide n = 722 Insulin n = 360 |
56.5 ± 10.4 | 53.0 | 7.3 ± 5.5 | 33.0 ± 6.5 | 8.2 ± 0.9 | 98.5 ± 26.6 | 132.1 ± 15.3 | Normo | 34 |
| Man 2020 SUSTAIN 5 | Semagltide 0.5 mg or 1.0 mg | Placebo | 30 |
Total n = 396 Semaglutide n = 263 Placebo n = 133 |
58.8 ± 10.1 | 56.1 | 12.0 ± 7.4 | 32.2 ± 6.2 | 8.4 ± 0.8 | 91.3 ± 25.0 | 134.8 ± 16.0 | Normo | 34 |
| Mann 2020 SUSTAIN 6 | Semaglutide 0.5 mg or 1.0 mg | Placebo | 104 |
Total n = 3286 Semaglutide n = 1642 Placebo n = 1644 |
64.6 ± 7.4 | 60.7 | 12.9 ± 7.9 | 32.8 ± 6.2 | 8.7 ± 1.5 | 76.1 ± 26.5 | 135.6 ± 17.2 | Micro | 34 |
Note: Data (age, BMI, diabetes duration, HbA1c, eGFR, SBP) reflects the average baseline level. Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation.
Abbreviations: BD, twice a day; BMI, body mass index; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c, haemoglobin A1c; macro, macroalbuminuria; micro, microalbuminuria; normo, normoalbuminuria; NR, not reported; SBP, systolic blood pressure.