Table 1.
Characteristics of the included studies.
| Study | Screening tool | Informant | Age (in years) | Gender % female | Nationality/Ethnicity | Displacement status | Country/Setting |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Al-Amer et al. (2020) | PHQ-A | Self | 13-18; M = 15.9 SD = 1.5 |
42% | Palestinian | Refugees | Jordan |
| Bean et al. (2006a) | CBCL | Legal guardian | 10–18; M = 15.48 SD = 1.52 | 28.7% | 48 countries; Angola (43.9%), Iran/Afghanistan/Iraq (4.4%), Eritrea/Ethiopia (2.7%), Somalia (2.1%), Sierra Leone (7.9%), Guinea (6.7%), Other African countries (14.0%), China/Tibet (8.6%) Other countries (9.6%) |
Unaccompanied refugee minors | The Netherlands |
| Bean et al. (2006b) | RATS | Self | 8–26; M = 15.72 SD = 1.74 | 40.7% | Dutch URMs: 48 countries; predominantly Angola (43%), Sierra Leone (10%), and China (8%). Belgian immigrant/refugees: 111 countries, predominantly Morocco (14%), Ghana (11%) and Turkey (9%). |
Unaccompanied refugee minors, immigrant/refugee adolescents, non-migrants (control group) | The Netherlands Belgium |
| Bean et al. (2007b) | HSCL-37A | Self | 8–26; M = 15.72 SD = 1.74 | 40.7% | Dutch URMs: 48 countries; predominantly Angola (43%), Sierra Leone (10%), and China (8%). Belgian immigrant/refugees: 111 countries, predominantly Morocco (14%), Ghana (11%) and Turkey (9%). |
Unaccompanied refugee minors, immigrant/refugee adolescents, non-migrants (control group) | The Netherlands Belgium |
| Bean et al. (2007a) | TRF | Teacher | 9–18; M = 15.80 SD = 1.58 |
28.7% | 48 countries; predominantly Angola (47.3%), Sierra Leone (8.2%), Guinea (7.8%), and China (8.2%). | Unaccompanied refugee minors | The Netherlands |
| Dyregrov et al. (1996) | IES | Self | 6–15; M = 10.68 SD = 2.14 | 49% | Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina | Displaced and refugee children | Croatia |
| Elbert et al. (2009) | UCLA-PTSD RI | Self + parent | 10–14 M = 10.5 SD = N/A |
47% | Sri Lankan | War-affected and former IDPs | Sri Lanka |
| Ellis et al. (2006) | UCLA-PTSD RI | Self | 12–19; M = 15.6 SD = 2.0 |
46% | Somali | Refugees (accompanied) | United States |
| Ertl et al. (2011) | PDS DHSCL |
Self Self |
12–25 M = 17.2 SD = N/A |
57% | Northern Ugandans | Internally displaced | Camps for IDPs in Northern Uganda |
| Essex (2019) | SDQ | Self + parent | 5–17 M = N/A SD = N/A |
47% | Predominantly Iraqi, Afghan and Iranian | Refugees and asylum seekers | Australia |
| Hall et al. (2014) | CBCL YSR CPSS-I |
Parent Self Self + parent |
7–18; M = 11.02 SD = 2.90 |
58% | Somali | Refugees (with caregivers) | Refugee camps in Ethiopia |
| Hasson et al. (2021) | CPSS-5 | Self | N/A; M = 15.2 SD = 2.6 |
48.4% | El Salvador, Guatemala and Honduras | Unaccompanied minors | United States |
| Jakobsen et al. (2017) | HSCL-25 HTQ (PTSS) |
Self Self |
15–18 M = 16.2 SD = N/A |
0% | Predominantly Afghan and Somali | Unaccompanied Asylum-seeking adolescents | Norway |
| Jordans et al. (2008) | CPDS | Child + Teacher | 7–17 M = 11.75 SD = 1.79 |
54% | Burundian | Internally displaced | Burundi |
| Jordans et al. (2009) | CPDS | Child + Teacher | 6–15; M = 10.37 SD = 1.42, M = 9.79 SD = 1.40, M = 10.36 SD = 1.52, M = 12.0 SD = 1.45 |
46.5–54.3% | Burundian (41,85%) Indonesian (16,21%) Sri Lankan (25,68%) Sudanese (16,26%) |
War-affect children and internally displaced | Burundi, Indonesia, Sri Lanka and Sudan |
| Khawaja et al. (2019) | HSCL-Y | Self | 11–18; M = 14.89 SD = 1.72 |
50.6% | 46 different nationalities | Refugee and migrant adolescents | Australia |
| Khawaja & Dhushyanthakumar (2020) | SDQ | Teacher | 11–18; M = 15.0 SD = 1.8 |
50.9% | 43 different nationalities | Refugee and migrant adolescents | Australia |
| Kohrt et al. (2011) | CPSS DSRS |
Self Self |
11–14; M = N/A SD = N/A |
67.9% | Nepalese | War-affected children and former child soldiers | Nepal |
| Marshall and Venta (2021) | CPSS | Self + Parent | 15–23; M = 19 SD = 1.8 |
53.8% | Central America, mainly Honduras, El Salvador and Guatemala | Recently immigrated adolescents | United States |
| McEwen et al. (2020) | CES-DC CPSS SCARED SDQ |
Self Self Self Parent |
8–17; M = 11.79, SD = 2.28 |
53.% | Syrian | Refugee children | Lebanon |
| Müller et al. (2021) | CATS | Self | N/A; M = 16.8, SD = 1.54 |
7% | Predominantly from Afghanistan, Syria and Eritrea | (Un)accompanied refugee minors | Germany |
| Nehring et al. (2021) | CBCL-PTSD | Parent | 4–14; M = 8.9, SD = 2.8 |
41% | Syrian | Refugees | Germany |
| Sack et al. (1998) | IES | Self | 13–25; M = 20.1, SD = 3.4 |
48% | Cambodian (Khmer) | Refugees | United States |
| Salari et al. (2017) | CRIES-8 | Self | 9–18; M = 15.41 SD = 1.25 | 2.4% | Afghan (81.4%), Iranian (5.8%), Syrian (5.4%), Iraqi (2.4%), Pakistani (1%), Somali (1%), Eritrean (1%), Ethiopian (1%), Libyan (0.5%) Lebanese (0.5%) |
Unaccompanied Refugee Minors | Sweden |
| Sarkadi et al. (2019) | RHS-13 | Self | 14–18; M = 16.55 SD = 1.12 |
24.1% | Afghan (62.1%), Indian (3.4%), Iraqi (3.4%), Sri Lankan (3.4%), Syrian (24.1%), Venezuelan (3.4%) |
(Un)accompanied refugee minors |
Sweden |
| Venta & Mercado (2019) | CPSS | Self | Sample 1 15–25; M = 19 SD = 2 Sample 2 M = 9.2 SD = N/A |
40.1% 47% |
Central America, mainly Honduras, El Salvador and Guatemala | Recently immigrated children and adolescents | United States |
| Ventevogel et al. (2014) | CPSS DSRS SCARED |
Self Self Self |
10–15; M = 12.8 SD = 1.3 |
45% | Burundian | Internally displaced | Burundi |