Table II.
Summary table indicating the mitochondrial manifestations and the molecular targets that are affected during the caloric restriction diet.
| Caloric restriction
| |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Phenotype | Tissue (host) | Molecular target | (Refs.) |
| Biogenesis | HeLa cells | ↥mRNA NRF1 and NRF2 - PPARα protein |
(87) |
| Biogenesis | Primary hepatocytes Fischer 344 rats |
↥ PGC-1α and PPARα proteins | (87) |
| Biogenesis/function | Skeletal muscle C57BL/6 mice |
↥ PGC-1a protein ↥ mRNA Nrf1, Core 1, Cox IV cytochrome c oxidase |
(88) |
| Biogenesis/function | Skeletal muscle C57BL/6 mice |
↥ SIRT3 protein | (89) |
| Biogenesis | Liver F344BNF1 rats |
Prevents the age-related reduced levels of PGC-1α | (90) |
| Biogenesis | Liver Fischer-344 rats |
↧ PGC-1a protein | (91) |
| Biogenesis/function | Skeletal muscle human | ↥ mRNA SIRT1 and PPARGC1A | (92) |
| Function | Skeletal muscle B6C3F1 mice |
↧ Complex I, III, and IV activity | (96) |
| Function | Skeletal and cardiac muscle F344BN rats |
↧ Complex IV activity | (99) |
| Function | Cardiac muscle Wistar rats |
↧ Complex I and III activity | (98) |
| Function | Skeletal muscle F344BN rats |
↥ High-affinity binding sites of complex IV | (99) |
| Function | Skeletal muscle C57BL/6 mice |
- Citrate synthase activity ↥ mRNA levels of several mitochondrial associated proteins (PPARGC-1α, NRF1, Core 1, COXIV, Atps) and cytochrome c oxidase content |
(88) |
| Function | Skeletal muscle Sprague-Dawley rats |
↥ mRNA transcripts associated with mitochondrial ATP production (subunits of cytochrome-c oxidase; COXI, II, III, IV, Va and VIII, and NADH dehydrogenase | (100) |
| Function | Skeletal and cardiac muscles Fischer 344 rats |
- ATP content | (101) |
| Function | Adipocytes overweight healthy men and women |
↧ Expression of genes encoding ATP synthase subunits, cytochrome c oxidase, NADH dehydrogenase | (102) |
| Function | Skeletal muscle obese men and women |
↥ Citrate synthase activity | (103) |
| Function | Skeletal muscle of overweight male and female subjects |
- Activity of beta-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, citrate synthase, and cytochrome c oxidase II | (92) |
| Function | Skeletal muscle of non-obese male and female subjects |
- Activity of citrate synthase, beta-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, and cytochrome c oxidase II | (92) |
| Dynamics | Liver and skeletal muscle C57BL/6J mice |
↥ MFN2 levels in liver ↥ MFN1 and NRF1 levels in the skeletal muscle |
(108) |
| Dynamics | Skeletal muscle Male C57BL/6 mice |
↥ MFN2 and OPA1 protein levels ↥ DRP1 protein levels |
(105) |
| Dynamics | Soleus and gastrocnemius male Sprague-Dawley rats |
↥ MFN2 protein levels ↥ DRP1 protein levels |
(109) |
| Dynamics | Gastrocnemius male Sprague-Dawley rats |
↥ OPA1 and MFN1 proteins levels | (112) |
| Dynamics | Hepatocytes male C57BL/6 mice |
No marked effects on the expression levels (DRP1, MFN1, MFN2 and OPA1) | (110) |
| Dynamics | Hepatocytes male C57BL/6 mice |
↥ FIS1 and DRP1 proteins levels no change in MFN1, MFN2, and OPA1 protein levels | (111) |
| Mitophagy | Skeletal muscle C57BL/6 mice |
↥ PINK1 and PARKIN protein | (105) |
| Mitophagy | Kidney Fischer 344 rats |
↥ LC3/ATG8 and BNIP3 protein ↧ PINK1 protein |
(106) |
| Mitophagy | Primary hepatocytes C57BL/6 and GFP-LC3 transgenic male mice | ↧ Mitochondrial membrane potential | (107) |
Upward arrows indicate an increase, and downward arrows indicate a decrease. NRF, nuclear respiratory factor; PPAR, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor; COX, cytochrome c oxidase; PGC-1α, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1α; SIRT1, sirtuin 1; ATP, adenosine triphosphate; OPA1, optic atrophy 1; MFN, mitofusin; DRP1, dynamin-related protein 1; PINK1, PTEN-induced kinase 1.