TABLE 1.

Published implementations of simultaneous and interleaved multi‐nuclear MR. The table is structured in three categories of hardware, representing early experimental systems, routine systems requiring hardware modifications and systems that support the techniques with only minimal or no hardware modifications

Category	Period	Manufacturer/model	Solution/challenges	References
Lab‐built or early experimental commercial systems	1981–1991	TMR, Oxford, Nicolet, Nalorac Cryogenics Corp, MIT/IBM	Additional spectrometer	27 , 63 , 126 , 127
	1979, 1986, 1995	Custom built by lab	Switching receiver local oscillator frequency, separate transmitter and receiver	28 , 43
	1983–1990, 1995	Bruker, Phospho‐energetics, Nicolet,GE	Frequency switching as implemented by constructor	44 , 45 , 47 , 128
Scanner hardware modification by research group (with or without vendor support)	1994, 1996	Siemens SP63/GBS‐1	Additional spectrometer	29 , 30 , 65 , 71
	1994–2000, 2021	Bruker	Modified RF switch (including transmit path), new electronic interface	32 , 66 , 129 , 130 , 131
	2006–2011	Philips Achieva	Modified spectrometer and software	93 , 94 , 132 , 133 , 134
	2011, 2013	Philips Achieva	Separate synthesizer and transmitter	36 , 37
	2013–2020	Siemens Trio/Magnetom 7 T	Mix received signal or modify local oscillatorfrequency	34 , 48 , 69 , 70 , 125 , 135
Hardware implementation by vendor	1999–2007	Bruker	MultiScan Control Tool	59 , 76 , 136 , 137 , 138 , 139
				55 , 74 , 77 , 140 , 141
	2007–2015	Varian/Agilent	Rewiring, software modifications	35 , 67 , 142 , 143
	2014–2020	Philips Gyroscan/Achieva/Ingenia	Software modifications	31 , 90 , 95 , 144
	2016–2022	Siemens Prisma/Terra	Software modifications	60 , 92 , 145 , 146 , 147