TABLE 3.
Multi‐nuclear MR applications that may benefit from being implemented as simultaneous and interleaved protocols
| Target | Application | Gain | Multi‐nuclear methods |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oncology | Improved tumour characterization and monitoring | Reduced acquisition time | 1H + 31P MRS |
| Brain | Metabolic profiling and quantification | Reduced acquisition time | 1H + 31P MRS/MRSI |
| Richer examination in bipolar disorder (Li concentration, membrane turnover, pH and Mg2+) | Reduced acquisition time | 7Li + 31P MRSI | |
| Motion correction for long 3D 7Li MRSI acquisitions in bipolar disorder | Improved data quality | 7Li MRSI + 1H navigator | |
| Muscle | Faster 1H and 31P examinations in neuromuscular diseases | Reduced acquisition time | 1H MRI + 31P MRS/MRSI |
| Discrimination of alkaline Pi resonances in dystrophic muscle | Reduced acquisition time | 1H + 31P MRS | |
| Blood flow and energy metabolism evaluation in individual muscles | Multiparametric information | 1H MR + localized 31P MRS | |
| Simultaneous measurement of IMCL, glycogen and G6P synthesis and storage following exercise | Multiparametric information | 13C + 31P MRS, 13C + 1H MRS | |
| Heart | Motion correction of localized 31P MRS | Improved spectral quality | Localized 31P MRS + 1H navigators |
| Measurement of metabolic biomarkers (CK reaction, [PCr], [ATP]) | Reduced acquisition time | 1H MR + localized 31P MRS | |
| Lung | Evaluate gas uptake and transfer times with anatomical or perfusion information | Multiparametric information | 129Xe MR + 1H MRI |
| Continuous ventilation imaging in normoxia conditions with anatomical or perfusion information | Multiparametric information | 19F + 1H MRI | |
| Liver | Combined fat fraction, IHCL and 31P MRS measurements in NAFLD and NASH | Reduced acquisition time | 1H MR + 31P MRS |
| Motion correction from breathing in 31P MRSI acquisitions | Improved data quality | 1H navigator + 31P MRSI | |
| Cartilage | Inclusion of 23Na imaging for improved detection of osteoarthritis and cartilage repair monitoring | Reduced acquisition time | 1H + 23Na MRI |
| Bone | Complementary quantitative mineral bone content and bone matrix density values for improved diagnosis | Reduced acquisition time | 1H UTE or ZTE + 31P ZTE |
Abbreviations: IMCL, intramyocellular lipid; CK, creatine kinase; IHCL, intrahepatocellular lipid; NAFLD, non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease; NASH, non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis.