Table 4.
Event rates and hazard/rate ratios for all outcomes according to ‘lean diabetes’ phenotype (versus non‐lean) and insulin use (versus no insulin use) in patients with diabetes
| No. of events | Crude rate per 100 py | Adjusted HR/RR (95% CI) | p‐value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary composite outcome | ||||
| BMI ≥25 kg/m2 | 1063 | 17.4 (16.4–18.5) | 1.00 (ref.) | |
| BMI <25 kg/m2 | 118 | 16.3 (13.6–19.5) | 0.86 (0.65–1.14) | 0.29 |
| No insulin | 731 | 14.7 (13.7–15.8) | 1.00 (ref.) | |
| Insulin | 450 | 24.3 (22.1–26.6) | 1.30 (1.06–1.60) | 0.01 |
| Total hospitalizations for HF | ||||
| BMI ≥25 kg/m2 | 858 | 14.1 (13.2–15.0) | 1.00 (ref.) | |
| BMI <25 kg/m2 | 79 | 10.9 (8.7–13.6) | 0.75 (0.55–1.03) | 0.08 |
| No insulin | 564 | 11.3 (10.4–12.3) | 1.00 (ref.) | |
| Insulin | 373 | 20.1 (18.2–22.3) | 1.32 (1.05–1.67) | 0.02 |
| CV death | ||||
| BMI ≥25 kg/m2 | 205 | 3.6 (2.9–3.8) | 1.00 (ref.) | |
| BMI <25 kg/m2 | 39 | 5.4 (3.9–7.4) | 1.25 (0.85–1.84) | 0.25 |
| No insulin | 167 | 3.4 (2.9–3.9) | 1.00 (ref.) | |
| Insulin | 77 | 4.2 (3.3–5.2) | 1.20 (0.90–1.61) | 0.22 |
| First hospitalization for HF or CV death | ||||
| BMI ≥25 kg/m2 | 552 | 10.1 (9.3–11.0) | 1.00 (ref.) | |
| BMI <25 kg/m2 | 75 | 11.3 (9.0–14.2) | 0.98 (0.75–1.27) | 0.87 |
| No insulin | 411 | 9.1 (8.2–10.0) | 1.00 (ref.) | |
| Insulin | 216 | 13.7 (12.0–15.7) | 1.31 (1.10–1.57) | 0.003 |
| First hospitalization for HF | ||||
| BMI ≥25 kg/m2 | 437 | 8.0 (7.3–8.8) | 1.00 (ref.) | |
| BMI <25 kg/m2 | 54 | 8.1 (6.2–10.6) | 0.94 (0.69–1.27) | 0.68 |
| No insulin | 321 | 7.1 (6.4–7.9) | 1.00 (ref.) | |
| Insulin | 170 | 10.8 (9.3–12.6) | 1.27 (1.04–1.56) | 0.02 |
| Death from any cause | ||||
| BMI ≥25 kg/m2 | 349 | 5.7 (5.1–6.3) | 1.00 (ref.) | |
| BMI <25 kg/m2 | 56 | 7.7 (5.9–10.0) | 1.08 (0.79–1.47) | 0.62 |
| No insulin | 274 | 5.5 (4.9–6.2) | 1.00 (ref.) | |
| Insulin | 131 | 7.1 (6.0–8.4) | 1.40 (1.12–1.75) | 0.003 |
| Renal composite outcome | ||||
| BMI ≥25 kg/m2 | 59 | 1.0 (0.8–1.3) | 1.00 (ref.) | |
| BMI <25 kg/m2 | 8 | 1.1 (0.6–2.2) | 0.84 (0.37–1.90) | 0.67 |
| No insulin | 42 | 0.9 (0.6–1.2) | 1.00 (ref.) | |
| Insulin | 25 | 1.4 (0.9–2.0) | 1.30 (0.76–2.22) | 0.34 |
BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; CV, cardiovascular; HF, heart failure; HR, hazard ratio; py, person‐years; RR, rate ratio.
Adjusted for age, sex, race, New York Heart Association class, smoking status (current), prior HF hospitalization, HF duration, left ventricular ejection fraction, N‐terminal pro‐B‐type natriuretic peptide (log), systolic blood pressure, heart rate, serum creatinine level, history of myocardial infarction, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, atrial fibrillation, hypertension and randomly assigned treatment.
Renal composite outcome = Estimated glomerular filtration rate decrease of 50% or more, end‐stage kidney disease, or death due to kidney failure.